KKOTII-FI.Y 



Fitorm: 



ir 



reaction which occurs on sudden removal of the 

 col.l, or tin- ii|i|ilic;ition of heat; this is especially 

 the case with moist cold. 



.11 l.:n M-V telieved that ' cold was merely the 

 predisposing cause of frost lute, and mentions that 

 iiftcr the battle of Kyhui the French soldiers did 

 not experience any painful sensations during the 

 severe cold varying from 10 to 15 U below /.ero of 

 Kcamnm 'a t li- nimnieter; but, when the temperature 

 ro-e from 18 to 20, they felt the first sensations of 

 cold, ami applied for succour, complaining of acute 

 pains in their feet, and of numbness, heaviness, and 

 prickings in the extremities. The parts were 

 scarcely swollen, and of a dull red colour. In 

 some cases, a slight redness was perceptible alxmt 

 the roots of the toes, and on the back of the foot ; 

 in others, the toes were destitute of motion, sensi- 

 bility, and warmth, l>eing already black, and, as it 

 were, dried.' Those of the men who indulged in 

 the warmth of the bivouac fires suffered from frost- 

 bite in much larger proportion than their more 

 hardy comrades. But ' the extent of disaster from 

 this cause even in modern campaigning may be 

 judged from the fact that in the French army before 

 Sebastopol 2800 cases occurred in two nights, and 

 of this numl>er 900 subsequently died.' 



In Great Britain cases of frost-bite are compara- 

 tively rare. Occasionally, in severe winters, cases 

 1>resent themselves at the hospitals in the persons of 

 louseless, ill-nourished unfortunates, whose consti- 

 tutions have in many instances been enfeebled by 

 spirit-drinking. 



The treatment of frost-bite consists in coaxing 

 back by degrees the vitality of the part ; this is 

 most prudently effected by rubbing the part in a 

 cold room, at first with snow, then with water at 

 ordinary temperature, and when warmth returns 

 by enveloping it in cotton-wool or flannel without 

 applying neat. As the coldness subsides, the pain- 

 ful tingling returns, then redness and heat ; in a 

 short time the latter will be alx>ve the natural 

 standard, and, if the reaction is severe, the part will 



inflame, and perhaps 

 mortify. It is well 

 to remember that 

 the part need not 

 have been actually 

 frozen for these 

 symptoms to occur. 

 The person with 

 languid circulation 

 who, coming home 

 with cold wet feet, 

 places them before 

 the lire, or in warm 

 water, may be ' frost- 

 bitten ' to all intents 

 and purposes. 



Froth-fly, also 

 called FROTH-HOP- 

 i'i:i:, FROG-HOPPER, 

 FROG-SPIT, common 

 names for numerous 

 insects parasitic on 

 plants, on which the 

 larva> and pupae are 

 found surrounded 

 by a frothy spittle. 

 They are included 

 in the family Cica- 

 dellidiP in the order 

 Homoptera, and are 

 related to the Aph- 

 ides, Cicadas, and 

 Lantern-flies. The 

 family is a very large 

 one ; the members 

 are all plant parasites, mostly small in size, often 

 210 



Frog-hopper 



(Aphrophora spumaria ) : 

 o, larva ; b, perfect insect with wing- 

 covers closed ; c. perfect insect, in 

 the act of flight ; </, the froth on a 

 plant. 



very beautiful in form and colour. The young 

 stages, which are very like the adults, except in 

 the absence of developed wings, suck their plant 

 hosts, and thereupon surround themselves witli 

 the familiar froth which issue* from the hind end 

 of the gut. The froth is popularly called cuckoo- 

 spit >r frog-spittle, from fancies entertained as to 

 its origin. It is sometimes so abundant, on willows 

 for instance, that it drops from the branches. In 

 some cases it may l>e helped by an exudation from 

 the wounded plants. The adults have long hi ml 

 legs, and are able to hop about with some activity. 

 The commonest British species, Aphrophora 

 spumaria, is a yellowish-green insect, towards half 

 an inch long, particularly addicted to willows; 

 another corn- 



green 

 Tetti- 



Bocydium 



cruciatum. 



Bocydium 

 globulare. 



in on 

 form, 



gonia viridis, 

 is prevalent 

 in meadows ; 

 Cercopis san- 

 guinaenta, in 

 red and black, 

 also occurs; 

 while Typlo- 

 cyba, Jassus, 

 and Ledra are 

 abundantly re- 

 presented in Europe. In tropical countries the 

 Cicadellidfe are still more plentiful and beautiful. 

 The nearly-related family Membracidw includes 

 many most extraordinary insects (see fig.) e.g. in 

 the genera Bocydium and Centrotus, with bizarre 

 outgrowths from the first segment of the thorax. 



Fronde, JAMES ANTHONY, an eminent English 

 historian, was born at Dartington, near Totnes, 

 Devonshire, 23d April 1818. The youngest son of 

 the Archdeacon of Totnes, he was educated at 

 Westminster and Oriel College, Oxford, took a 

 second-class in classics in 1840, and in 1842 was 

 elected a Fellow of Exeter College. He took 

 deacon's orders in 1844, and was sometime under 

 the spell of Newman's influence, but ere long his 

 opinions underwent a fundamental change, as re- 

 vealed to the world in 1848 in his outspoken book, 

 The Nemesis of Faith, a work in which the solem- 

 nity and sadness of religious scepticism are relieved 

 by a singularly tender and earnest humanity. The 

 book was written with great and even startling 

 power, and not only cost Froude his fellowship, but 

 also an educational appointment in Tasmania. For 

 the next few years he employed himself in writing 

 for Fraser's Magazine and the Westminster Rerii-u-, 

 and in 1856 issued the first two volumes of his 

 History of England from the fall of Wolsey to the 

 defeat of the Spanish Armada, complete*! in 12 

 vols. in 1869. In this work Froude shows supreme 

 literary ability no reader can ever forget his 

 narrative of tne death of Mary Stuart and the 

 disasters that befell the great Armada. In the 

 art of making history as fascinating as fiction 

 Macaulay is his only rival. But like him he is 

 a man of letters first and an historian afterwards, 

 and the defects of his merits have sadly impaired 

 the permanent value of his work. As has been 

 said with truth, he taught himself history by 

 writing it; still his use of his materials never 

 becomes critical, and his views of men and motives 

 are always distorted by being seen through 19th- 

 century spectacles, and these, moreover, spectacles 

 of his own. Natural love of paradox and the 

 faculty of seeing easily what he wished to see 

 helped him to make a hero of Henry VIII. the 

 greatest blot upon his history. Four volumes of 

 remarkably brilliant essays and papers, entitled 

 Short Studies on Great Subjects, appeared between 

 1867 and 1882. Froude was elected rector of St 



