22 



FRUMENTIUS 



FRYXELL 



Fruit- pigeon 

 (Carpophaga oceanica). 



but much more abundant in the former. They 

 live in forests, are well adapted for arboreal life, 



and feed on fruits. 

 The gape is wide; 

 the colouring of the 

 plumage brilliant. 

 The term fruit- 

 pigeon is also ex- 

 tended to members 

 of other genera 

 Treron, Alectrcenas, 

 &c. See PIGEON. 



Frumentius, 



ST, apostle of 

 PJj Ethiopia and the 

 Abyssinians, born 

 ~ in Phoenicia to- 

 wards the beginning 

 of the 4th century. 

 At a very early age 

 he and another 

 youth, named 

 ./Edesius, accom- 

 panied their uncle 

 Meropius on a voy- 

 age undertaken for 

 mercantile purposes, 

 and they landed on the coast of Abyssinia or 

 Ethiopia to procure fresh water ; but the savage 

 inhabitants made an onslaught upon them, arid 

 murdered Meropius and the whole crew, sparing 

 only the two boys. They were taken as slaves 

 into the service of the king, and made them- 

 selves so beloved that ^Kdesius was soon raised 

 to the office of cupbearer, while Frumentius 

 became the king's private secretary and instructor 

 to the young prince, obtaining great influence 

 in the administration of the state affairs. He 

 aided the Christian merchants who sought these 

 parts in founding a church, and gradually paved 

 the way for the formal introduction of the new 

 creed. In 326 he went to Alexandria, and was by 

 Athanasius consecrated Bishop of Axurn. The 

 new bishop repaired to Abyssinia, and succeeded in 

 proselytising large numbers. He is also supposed 

 to have translated the Bible into Ethiopian (see 

 ETHIOPIA). Frumentius died about 360. 



Frumenty, or FURMETY (Lat. frumentum, 

 'wheat'), an English dish made of whole wheat 

 or rice boiled in milk and seasoned. 



Frundsberg, GEORG VON, the great leader of 

 the German landsknechte during the Italian wars 

 of the emperors Maximilian and Charles V., was 

 born in 1473 at Mindelheirn in Swabia, and there 

 he died in 1528. He fought in twenty pitched 

 battles, besides sieges and skirmishes without 

 number; and the victory of Pavia (1525) was 

 largely due to him. Two years later he was 

 marching on Rome with the Constable de Bourbon, 

 when a mutiny of his soldiers brought on a stroke 

 of apoplexy. See monographs by Barthold (1833) 

 and Heijrnann (1868). 



Frustum, in Geometry, is the part of a solid 

 next the base, left on cutting off the top by a plane 

 parallel to the base. The frustum of a sphere or 

 spheroid, however, is any part of these solids com- 

 prised between two circular sections ; and the 

 middle frustum of a sphere is that whose ends are 

 equal circles, having the centre of the sphere in the 

 middle of it, and equally distant from both ends. 



Fry, ELIZABETH, born May 21, 1780, was the 

 third daughter of John Gurney, Esq., of Earlham 

 Hall, near Norwich, a rich banker, and a member 

 of the Society of Friends. Her mother died when 

 she was twelve years old, leaving four sons and seven 

 daughters. The sisters grew up attractive and 

 original. They dressed gaily, and sang and danced. 



Till Elizabeth was eighteen she had no decided 

 religious opinions. In February 1798 a discourse 

 she heard in the Friends' meeting-house at Nor- 

 wich by William Savery, an American Friend, 

 made a deep impression on her, and led her to wish 

 to become a 'plain Friend.' From this time her 

 natural loving care for others was greater than 

 before. She worked much among the poor, and 

 began a school for poor children, wnich she 

 managed entirely herself, even when the number 

 of scholars increased to more than seventy. In 

 August 1800 she married Joseph Fry, of Plashet, 

 Essex, then engaged in extensive business with his 

 brother in London. She lived with her husband in 

 his house of business, St Mildred's Court, City of 

 London, till 1809, when, on the death of her father- 

 in-law, she removed to Plashet. Five children 

 were born to her in London, and six more at 

 Plashet. In 1810 she became a preacher among 

 the Friends. In February 1813 she visited Newgate 

 for the first time, and saw 300 women, tried and 

 untried, with their numerous children, without 

 employment, in an almost lawless state, crowded 

 together in rags and dirt, with no bedding, and 

 nothing but the floor to sleep on. She could do 

 no more then than supply them with clothes, but, 

 within a few years, by her efforts, a school and 

 a manufactory were established in the prison, a 

 Ladies' Association was formed for ' the improve- 

 ment of the female prisoners,' religious instruc- 

 tion was regularly given to them, a matron was 

 appointed, and the women willingly submitted to 

 rules for their well-being. Prison reform now 

 became one great object of Mrs Fry's life. She 

 visited prisons in different parts of the kingdom 

 and on the Continent, and introduced many im- 

 provements in their management and discipline. 

 She also did a great deal to improve the condition 

 of the female convicts sentenced to transportation. 

 Through her influence libraries were begun in the 

 naval hospitals and the coastguard stations, and 

 Bibles were supplied to them. She died at Ranis- 

 gate, October 12, 1845, and was buried at Barking, 

 Essex. Mrs Fry was a true-hearted, loving woman, 

 peculiarly gifted for the difficult work she had to 

 do by her sympathy, swift insight, tact, and charm 

 of manner. See the Life by her daughters (2 vols. 

 1847); that by Mrs Pitman (1884); and Hare's 

 Gurney s of Earlham (1895). 



Frying. See BOILING, COOKERY, FOOD. 



Fryxell, ANDERS, a Swedish historian, was 

 born 7th February 1795, at Hesselskog in Dalsland; 

 studied at Upsala, took priest's orders in 1820, and 

 in 1828 became rector of a gymnasium in Stock- 

 holm. From 1835 to 1847 he was parish prie'st of 

 Sunna in Vermland, and from this latter year he 

 devoted himself entirely to literary pursuits till his 

 death at Stockholm, 21st March 1881. His reputa- 

 tion rests upon Berdttelser ur Svenska Hislorien 

 ( ' Narratives from Swedish History,' 46 vols. Stockh. 

 1832-80 ). These narratives, largely biographical in 

 form, and distinguished by their impartial love of 

 truth, soon obtained a wide popularity in Sweden. 

 Parts of them have been translated into almost 

 all European languages (Eng. trans, edited by 

 Mary Howitt, 1844). Another work, Conspiracies 

 of the Swedish Aristocracy (4 vols. Upsala, 1845- 

 50), was intended as a reply to the accusations 

 urged against that class by Geijer and others, 

 and involved Fryxell in a keen controversy with 

 the democratic liberal party in Sweden. Besides 

 these works he wrote a Contribution to the History 

 of the Literature of Sweden (9 vols. 1860-62). 

 Fryxell also laboured, both by his own example 

 and by the publication of a Swedish Grammar, to 

 purify his native language from the parasitism of 

 foreign words. 



