FUAD PASHA 



FUCUS 



23 



Fund Pasha, MKHMKD, a Turkish statesman 



an. i iii (. -i. -u. -in, \\.i- burn at Constantinople, 17th 

 .1. u i ii. u \ 1S14. He \\;i- the HOII of the celebrated 

 jnii-t, |/./.et Mulliili, mid had already begun to make 

 tiiuiM'li known .-i- HII author, when tin exile of Iii- 

 1'ailnT, who had lallen into disgrace with the Sultan 

 Miilniiiid, compelled him to choose a ]>rofession. 

 II -iii-lit-d iin-.li.-iiif, and for some years wax 

 . Xiliiiiralty physician, but in 1835 abruptly forsook 

 d emloyed 



, and employed himself in the study of 

 di|linii:i>-\ , history, modern languages, the rights of 

 nations, and political economy. In 1840 he l>ecame 

 first secretary to the Turkish embassy at London, 

 and in 1843 was at Madrid. It was almost impos- 

 sible to believe him to be a Turk, he spoke French 

 so marvellously well. On his return to Constantin- 

 ople he was appointed to discharge the functions of 

 grand interpreter to the Porte, and in 1852 became 

 minister of foreign attains. On the question of the 

 ' Holy Places,' Fuad Pasha, by his attitude, and 

 by a brochure very hostile to the pretensions of 

 Russia, gave great dissatisfaction to the czar. In 

 1855 he received the title of Pasha, and was again 

 appointed minister of foreign affairs. From 1801 

 to 1866 he held the office of Grand Vizier. He died 

 in 1869. To him especially it is said Turkey owes 

 the hatti sherif of 1856. See TURKEY. 



Fuca, or JUAN DE FUCA, STRAIT, a passage 

 separating the State of Washington from Vancouver 

 Island, and connecting the Pacific Ocean with the 

 Gulf of Georgia. It contains several islands, one 

 of which, San Juan, became the subject of a 

 dispute between Great Britain and the United 

 States, the question being whether it belonged to 

 Washington (then a territory) or to British Colum- 

 bia. In 1872 the emperor of Germany, as arbiter, 

 decided that the line of boundary should be run 

 through the Strait of Haro, west of San Juan, thus 

 awarding that island to the United States; and it 

 and several neighbouring islands now form a county 

 of Washington. The county of San Juan had in 

 1880 a population of 948 ; in 1890, 2072. 



FA-chail. See Foocnow. 



Fuchsia named in 1703 by Plumier after 

 Leonhard Fuchs (1501-66), who with Brunfels and 

 Bock (see BOTANY) was one of the founders of 

 German botany a genus of Onagraceae containing 



a, Fuchsia Hiccartoni; b, a garden variety. 



about fifty species, small shrulw or trees, natives of 

 the Pacific coast of South America, whence a few 

 have ranged northwards to Central America, and 

 others to New Zealand. The usually pendulous 

 flowers are of characteristic appearance and often 

 striking beauty ; they are very easily propagated by 

 cuttings and grow freely, especially near the sea- 



coast. Some, notably F. discolor and F. Riceartoni, 

 are capable of withstanding our winter BO well that 

 fuchsia- hedges are a common ornament of garden* 

 on the west coast of Scotland. Other* can be 

 treated as herbaceous plants ; and moat if not 

 indeed all will flower well in the open air during 

 summer. Cultivators recommend keeping hack 

 plants, so that when planted out in May they 

 shall only then begin to put out their leaves. 

 The commonest species is usually known as /'. 

 coccinea (but is said to be only a variety of F. 

 globosa, and this again of /'. macrostemnut, while 

 the true /'. coccinea, with nearly sessile leaves, 

 is rare ) ; /'. conica, corallintt, fitlyeng, gracilig, &c. 

 are also well known, as well as the hardier species 

 above named, while the florists' varieties and 

 hybrids are innumerable. There are also many 

 dwarf species of characteristic habits. The berries 

 of many species are eaten with sugar in their 

 native countries, and when they ripen are occasion- 

 ally preserved even here. The wood of some species 

 is also employed in South America as a black 

 dye. 



Fuchsine. See DYEING. 



Fuchs'S Soluble Glass. See under Glass 

 (page 245), SOLUBLE GLASS. 



Fucino, LAKE OF, or LAGO DI CELANO (ancient 

 Fucinus Lacus), a lake of Italy, in the province of 

 Aquila, with an area of 61 sq. m., is situated 2172 

 feet above sea-level. Being only 75 feet deep and 

 having no constant outflow, it was subject to 

 sudden risings, which on more than one occasion 

 inundated the surrounding regions. To obviate 

 this danger the Emperor Claudius cut a subter- 

 ranean channel, nearly 3 miles in length, through 

 the solid rock of Monte Salviano, 30,000 men 

 being engaged in the work from 44 to 54 A.D. 

 This tunnel, however, soon became obstructed and 

 long remained so, notwithstanding various attempts 

 to clear it. As the lake had been steadily rising 

 from 1783, a new canal was made (1852-62) by the 

 Swiss engineer De Montricher. By 1875 the lake 

 was dry ; it is now under cultivation. 



Films, the generic name of the various species 

 of brown sea-wrack which form the main vegetation 

 of rocky shores between tide-marks. Commonest 

 of all upon European coasts (save in the Mediter- 

 ranean), and abundant also in the North Pacific, is 

 F. vesiculosus ( Bladderweed, Black Tang, Sea- 

 ware, Kelp-ware, &c. ), easily distinguished by its 

 entire edges and paired air-vesicles. In scarcity of 

 better fodder, oxen, sheep, and deer will eat it from 

 the rocks, and in North Europe it is sometimes boiled 

 for hogs with a little coarse flour. On account of the 

 very large proportion of ash ( up to 23 per cent, of 

 the dry weight), it forms a valuable manure, and, 

 although very imperfectly utilised in most places, 

 is regularly harvested as ' varec ' or ' vraic ' by the 

 farmers of the Channel Isles and their kinsmen of 

 the adjacent mainland. The chemical composition 

 also made it the staple of the industry of kelp- 

 burning (see KELP), once so important as a source 

 of raw material to the soap-boiler and glass-maker. 

 Even more esteemed for these purposes, although 

 unfortunately abounding nearer low-water mark, 

 was the kindred /'. nodosits ( Knobbed \Vrack) with 

 its solitary air-vesicles in the line of the absent 

 midrib. F. terrains (Black Wrack), also very 

 common and easily recognised by its serrated 

 fronds without air- vesicles, was least valued. With 

 these are gathered other less common species, as 

 well as the Laminaria (see SKAWKKDS), exposed by 

 the lowest tides. Besides manure, the only direct 

 chemical utilisation of the Fiici is for the prepara- 

 tion of iodine; and the important pro]>ortion of 

 iodine present justifies their ancient medicinal 

 repute in the treatment of scrofulous diseases, the 



