28 



FUHNEN 



FULHAM 



A ' pedal point ' a bass note held while the 

 upper parts move in as skilful a complication as 

 the composer can devise usually precedes the 

 final cadence. ' Episodes,' or matter connected or 

 in character with the subject, may be introduced 

 throughout the development to afford variety, but 

 these must be short, and must not be allowed to 

 distract the attention. When two or three sub- 

 jects are treated simultaneously the fugue is called* 

 double or triple. 



Formulated early in the history of modern music, 

 the vocal fugue was elaborated during the 'golden 

 age of counterpoint' in the end of the 16th century. 

 A new world was opened to it by Frescobaldi, who 

 freed it from the limitations of the human voice, 

 and first wrote instrumental fugues. Sebastian 

 Bach, in his vocal and instrumental fugues, 

 slrows a genius which has never been rivalled. 

 Mendelssohn was peculiarly gifted in this branch of 

 composition, and many vocal fugues with most 

 brilliant and effective instrumental accompani- 

 ments are to be found in his oratorios. 



Although fugues in composition and performance 

 have always been more or less ' caviare to the 

 general,' the opinion of sound musicians in the 

 present as well as the past is unanimous as to 

 their value, interest, and the beauty of those by 

 the standard writers. Details in construction have 

 continually changed and developed during the 

 three centuries of the existence of fugues, and text- 

 books are as numerous as teachers. Those by Sir 

 F. Core Ouseley ( prescribed at Oxford University); 

 Jadassohn and his predecessor, Richter, of Leipzig 

 Conservatorium ; and Dr Higgs' Primer are prob- 

 ably of more use to-day than the famous works 

 of Albrechtsberger, Reicha, &c. Bach's Art of 

 Fugue is a collection of fifteen fugues, four 

 canons, &c. on one subject a practical and in- 

 valuable illustration from the hand of the greatest 

 master of counterpoint. See article ' Fugue '' in 

 Stainer and Barrett's Dictionary of Musical Terms. 



Full n <>n. See FUNEN. 



Fuji-San. See FUSIYAMA. 



Fu-kian, 9 r FU-CHIEN, an eastern maritime 

 province of China (q. v. ). 



Fulahs, also FULBE, FELLANI, FELLATA, and 

 PEULHS, a people of the Soudan, extending 

 from Senegal in the west to Dar-Fur in the 

 east, and from Timbuctoo and Haussa in the 

 north to Joruba and Adamawa in the south. 

 Their ethnographic relations are not yet defini- 

 tively settled, some allying them with the Soudan 

 negroes, some with the Nuba of the Nile region, 

 others regarding them as an isolated race. We 

 first read of them about the beginning of the 

 14th century in Ahmed Baba's History of Soudan. 

 After that century large bands of them left their 

 home on the confines of Senegambia -i.e. Fuia- 

 Jallon and, proceeding eastwards, spread them- 

 selves over the greater portion of the Soudan. There 

 appear to be two distinct branches, a dark-skinned 

 division, having its centre in Bornu and Adamawa, 

 and an olive-skinned division, occurring chiefly in 

 Sokoto. All are strong and well-built, with long 

 hair and regular Caucasian features. They are 

 very intelligent, have a frank, free bearing, are 

 trustworthy, possess considerable self-respect and 

 decision of character, and are devoutly religious. 

 They probably number 7 to 8 millions altogether. 

 The Fulahs are a conquering race, not a homo- 

 geneous nation ; and have founded several king- 

 doms throughout central and southern Soudan, 

 as those of Sokoto, Gando, Massina, and Adam- 

 awa. The numerous tribes belonging to their 

 stock are generally divided into four groups or 

 families the Jel, the B'aa, the So, and the Beri. 

 Most of them became converted to Mohammedan- 



ism about the middle of the 18th century ; in 

 1802, under the Imam Othman, they commenced 

 a religious war on the surrounding pagans, which 

 terminated in the establishment of the great Fulah 

 empire of Sokoto. The Fulahs are an industrious 

 people : they practise agriculture, rear cattle, and 

 carry on trade ; they also work iron and silver, 

 manufacture with great neatness articles in wood 

 and leather, and weave various durable fabrics. 

 They have mosques and schools in almost all their 

 towns. See Crozals, Les Peulhs (Paris, 1883). 



Fulcrum, in Mechanics, is the prop or fixed 

 point on which a lever moves. See LEVER. 



Flllda, a town of the Prussian province of 

 Hesse-Nassau, 67 miles NE. of Frankfort-on-the-- 

 Main by rail, and on the river Fulda, is an 

 irregularly built old town, still partially sur- 

 rounded by its ancient walls. It is principally 

 celebrated for its Benedictine abbey, founded by 

 St Boniface (q.v. ), the 'Apostle of Germany,' in 

 the 8th century, which subsequently became a great 

 centre of missionary enterprise as well as a notable 

 seat of theological learning. Towards the end of 

 the 10th century its abbot was made primate of all 

 the abbeys of Germany. Having become corrupted 

 and subject to many abuses, the monastery was 

 thoroughly reformed in the early part of the 10th 

 century by the introduction of new monks from 

 abroad. The cathedral, six times destroyeu by 

 fire, was rebuilt in 1704-12 on the plan of St 

 Peter's at Rome. It is 324 feet long, and covers 

 the crypt of St Boniface. The Romanesque church 

 of St Michael (1822) was restored in 1854. In the 

 library is Boniface's copy of the Gospels, besides 

 other valuable MSS. and early printed books. 

 The town has manufactures of various textiles, 

 with dyeing, tanning, and the making of wax 

 candles. Pop. (1875) 10,799; (1890) 13,125. 

 Fulda, which owed its existence to the abbey, 

 was created a town in 1208, and from the 16th 

 century onwards had a very eventful history, being 

 taken in the Peasants' War, the Thirty Years' 

 War, and the Seven Years' War. From 1734 

 to 1804 it possessed a university. During the 

 Kulturkampf it was one of the strongholds of 

 the German Ultramontane party. See works by 

 Gegenbaur (1874) and Schneider (1881). 



Fulgurites (Lat. fulgur, 'lightning'), tubes 

 due to the action of lightning. They have been 

 most frequently observed in loose sandhills, but 

 have often been detected also in more compact 

 rock. They are formed by the actual fusion of 

 the materials through which the lightning passes. 

 The internal surface of the tubes met with in sand- 

 hills is completely vitrified, glossy, and smooth 

 the thickness of the wall varying from ^th to -j^th 

 of an inch, while the diameter of the tubes ranges 

 up to 2^ inches. They usually, but not always, 

 descend vertically from the surface, sometimes 

 dividing and subdividing, and rapidly narrowing 

 downwards till they disappear. Fulgurites have 

 often been detected on mountain-tops. In some 

 cases the rocks attacked by lightning have the 

 appearance of being covered with a black scoria- 

 ceous plaster, which looks as if it had ' run ' or 

 dripped. In other cases the rocks are described 

 as being drilled the holes produced by the light- 

 ning being lined internally with dark glassy sub- 

 stance. Fulgurites were first observed in 1711 

 by the pastor Herman, at Massel, in Silesia, and 

 have since been found in many places ; but their 

 origin was first pointed out by Dr Hentzen in 1805. 



FllIlKllll, formerly a village, but now a suburb 

 of London, in the south of Middlesex, on the left 

 bank of the Thames, 4| miles SW. of Charing 

 Cross. Here since 1141 has been the palace of the 

 bishops of London, but the present building is 



