FULLER'S HERB 



FULTON 



31 



of it from England was prohibited under severe 

 penalties ; it is still u-ed to d considerable extent. 

 Tln> annual ri)nsiini|ition in England is said to 

 !i,i\>< at inn- time exceeded 6000 tons. It in found 

 at \utlield, near Keigate, in Surrey, in cretaceous 

 i, \\here it forms a led varying in thickness 

 from less than s feet up to 12 feet or more. The 

 lower part of this l>ed is blue, but, owing to the 

 peroxulation of iron, the upper portion is buff- 

 coloured the change Ix-ing brought alxmt by the 

 Infiltration of water. It is also found in Bedford- 

 shire, Nottinghamshire, Kent, Surrey, and else- 

 where. There is a considerable deposit of it at 

 Bath, where the group of associated blue and 

 yellow clays and marl has received the name of 

 ' the Fuller's Earth Series,' belonging to the Jurassic 

 system. It is also found at Maxton in Scotland, 

 and at various places on the Continent, as in 

 Saxony, Bohemia, and near Aix-la-Chapelle. 



Fuller's Herb or Teasel. See TEASEL. 



Fullerton, LADY GEORGIANA, writer of reli- 

 gious novels, daughter of the first Earl Granville, 

 was born at Tixafi Hall, Staffordshire, 23d Septem- 

 ber 1812, and in 1833 married Alexander Fullerton. 

 Two years after publishing her first story, Ellen 

 Mii/if frtiin (1844) she became, under the influence 

 of the Tractariau movement, a convert to Catholi- 

 ci-.ni. The rest of her life was devoted to charitable 

 works and the composition of religious stories : 

 Grantley Manor ( 1847 ), Constance Sherwood ( 1864 ), 

 A Stormy Life (1864), Airs Gerald's Niece (1871), 

 Gold-digger nnd other Verses (1872). She died at 

 Bournemouth, 19th January 1885. See her Life by 

 Father Coleridge, from the French of Mrs Craven 

 (1888). 



Fulmar, or FULMAR PETREL (Fu/marus), a 

 genus of sea-birds, in the family Procellariidae, 

 beside the albatross, the storm petrel, and the 

 puflin, and near the gulls (Laridje). The genus 

 includes some forty species, which are widely dis- 

 tributed and strictly oceanic. The members agree 

 in general features with the petrels proper ( Procel- 

 laria), and all possess strong hooked bills. The 

 general appearance is gull-like ; the wings long and 

 the flight powerful ; the tail short ; the hind-toe 

 reduced to a sharp clawed wart. They are said to 

 defend themselves from attack by disgorging an ill- 

 flavoured oily secretion from the alimentary canal. 



The best-known species, the common Fulmar 

 (F. glacialis), frequents the northern seas in num- 

 bers so immense that Darwin awards it the 



Fulmar (Fulmarus glaeialit). 



omewhat unverifiable credit of being the most 

 abundant of birds. It is a rarity on British or indeed 



Kmopean coast*, but nest* or at leant used to nest 

 in St Kilda, Skye, Barra, and Foula, and IK common 

 further north in the Faroes, Iceland, Spit/bergen, 

 and similar localities. The bird is about the size 

 of a duck, has the general colouring of the common 

 gull ( I. nr us rtuiint), and is well known as the 

 i.H-.'dx Molly-mawk, which, with beautiful gliding 

 flight, follows whalers and other vessels after they 

 get north of Shetland. It feeds on li.-hes. molluscs, 

 jelly-fish, on the offal of the Newfoundland cod- 

 lii-heries, on the debris thrown from the successful 

 whalers, and is in fact an indiscriminately car- 

 nivorous bird, with a preference for blubber. On 

 a dead whale they are said to glut themselves till 

 they are unable to fly, and sailors not unfrerjucntly 

 catch them with lines and hooks baited with fat. . 

 From living whales they are said to pick the ('im- 

 pedes parasitically iml>edded in the skin. They 

 breed on rocky shores, but there is no nest worth 

 mentioning. Although the individuals are so 

 numerous, there is only a single egg, which has a 

 white colour. 



The greedy fulmar is of no little use to the 

 natives of the regions where it abounds. Moth 

 eggs and young are collected and eaten, and the 

 birds are also valued for their down and oil. In 

 St Kilda the quest for fulmars used to be an 

 important and extremely perilous means of liveli- 

 hood, while it is said that in a single little island, 

 Westmansryjar, south of Iceland, over 20,000 of 

 the strong-smelling, uninviting, young fulmars are 

 salted every summer for winter fare. The oil, 

 which is obtained from the flesh and stomach, is 

 amber-coloured, and has a peculiar, persistent, and 

 unpleasant smell. From the Pacific, F. pacificus 

 is usually distinguished ; and the large F. gigaiiteus 

 from southern regions is also worthy of note. See 

 PETREL. 



Fulminates* This term is applied to a class 

 of salts having the same percentage composition as 

 the cyanates (see CYANOGEN), but, unlike them, 

 exploding violently when heated or struck. Like 

 Gun-cotton (q.v.) and Dynamite (q.v.) these salts 

 contain the group of atoms represented bv the 

 formula NO 2 , and which seems to confer explosive 

 properties in so man^' cases. There are many 

 fulminates corresponding to the different metals, 

 but it will suffice if attention is drawn to fulmin- 

 ating mercury and silver. Fulminatiixj HU n-ury is 

 prepared by heating mercury with alcohol and 

 nitric acid, and after purification it is obtained in 

 white silky crystals, which have a sweetish taste 

 and are soluble in water. When moist these 

 crystals may be handled without risk of explosion, 

 but when dry they detonate violently on being 

 struck or when a spark falls on them. This salt is 

 largely used in the manufacture of percussion caps, 

 for which purpose it is mixed with nitre, sulphur, 

 &c. FulntinatiiKf silver is prepared by heating a 

 solution of nitrate of silver with nitric acid and 

 alcohol. It forms small white needles having a 

 bitter taste and poisonous properties. It explodes 

 more readily than the mercury salt,, and the greatest 

 care is requisite in its manufacture. It is used in 

 making crackers and other detonating toys. 



The fulminates should never be prepared by 

 amateurs, as accidents very readily occur. 



Flllliek. a town of Moravia. 10 miles NNW. 

 of Neutitschein, with a Capuchin convent, and 

 manufactures of silk, cloth, and fezes. Pop. 

 3692. Fulnek was formerly a principal seat of the 

 Moravian Brethren, and gave its name to /'//// 

 in Yorkshire, 5J miles E. of Bradford, where a 

 Moravian settlement was established in 17-lv 



Fulton, ROBERT, a celebrated American en- 

 gineer, was born of Irish parent* in 176f> in what 

 is now Fulton township, Pennsylvania. The years 



