34 



FUND 



FUNFKIRCHEN 



The term derived function is used to denote the 

 successive coefficients of the powers of h in the 

 expansion of f(x + h), where h is an increment of 

 x. If x becomes x + h, then f(x) changes to 

 f(x + h), and it may be shown that f(x + h) = 



'" 



f ('r),f"('- r )> &c- are tne "' rs t'> second, third, &c. 

 derived functions of /(rr). It is the primary object 

 of the differential calculus to iind the value of these 

 for different kinds of functions. 



Fund, SINKING. See SINKING FUND. 



Flllldi, or FUNDUNGI (Puspalum exile), a kind 

 of grain allied to the millets, much cultivated in the 

 west of Africa. See MILLET, 



Funds. See NATIONAL DEBT. 



FII nd y, BAY OF, an arm of the Atlantic, separat- 

 ing Nova Scotia from New Brunswick, and branch- 

 ing at its head into two inlets, Chignecto Bay and 

 Minas Basin, which are separated by narrow necks 

 of land from the Gulf of St Lawrence. It has an 

 extreme breadth of 45 miles and a length up to 

 Chignecto Bay of 140 miles; it receives the St John, 

 the principal river of New Brunswick, and the St 

 Croix, which separates that province from Maine. 

 The navigation is rendered perilous by the tides, 

 which rush in with impetuous force, and have a 

 range of 53 feet (not 100 feet), as at Chepstow. 



Fiineil, or FUHNEN (Dan. Fyen), the largest of 

 the Danish islands after Zealand, is separated from 

 Sleswick and Jutland on the W. by the Little Belt, 

 and from Zealand on the E. by the Great Belt. 

 With the islands of Langeland, Aro, Taasinge, &c., 

 it forms the two administrative districts of Odense 

 and Svendborg. Area of Fiinen, 1135 sq. m. ; pop. 

 (1890) 221,084. The coast is for the most part flat 

 and sandy ; on the north it is indented by the deep 

 Odense Fjord. The interior is flat, except towards 

 the south and west, where there is a range of hills 

 rising to about 420 feet. The land, which is well 

 watered by several small streams, is fruitful and 

 well cultivated, producing abundant crops of cereals. 

 Barley, oats, buckwheat, rye, flax, hemp, honey, 

 horses, and a fine breed of horned cattle are ex- 

 ported. The island is crossed by several railway 

 lines. The principal towns are Odense (30,277 in 

 1890), Svendborg (7184), and Nyborg (5402). 



Funeral Rites, the customs attending the 

 burial or other disposal of the bodies of the dead, 

 the various practical methods of which are discussed 

 under the article BURIAL. These ceremonies of 

 course vary with the method preferred, whether of 

 burial in the earth, exposure upon the tops of trees 

 and towers as practised by the Parsees, or of burning 

 in the usage of the ancient Greeks and later also 

 the Romans. The effect of Christianity was to add 

 a new sanctity to the body from the belief in its 

 resurrection in a glorified form, hence the burial in 

 places specially set apart for that purpose with 

 more or less elaborate religious ceremonies, the 

 washing, anointing, stretching, and swathing of 

 the body in white robes ( once in England only in 

 woollens), the strewing of the coffin with palms 

 and rosemary rather than cypress, and its position 

 in the grave with face upward and feet to the east, 

 towards the second coming of the Lord. Nowadays 

 in Britain and America there are few distinctive 

 customs beyond the religious rites, the wearing 

 of black as a mourning colour, and the accom- 

 panying the body to the grave, expressive of 

 respect ; but formerly many customs were in 

 use, as the ringing of the passing bell to drive off 

 demons who might be in waiting for the newly- 

 released soul ; the constant watching with the 

 dead betwixt death and burial the lykewake 

 once universal, and still surviving, with degrading 

 circumstances and without meaning, in the Irish 



wake ; setting a plate of salt upon the breast of 

 the body and lighted candles at its head ; and the 

 serving of profuse repasts of meat and drink to all 

 and sundry, as well as special doles of food and 

 clothing to the poor. Aubrey in his Remaines of 

 Gentilisme and Judaisme tells us of a singular 

 custom as having been formerly practised in Here- 

 fordshire, of a man eating a loaf of bread and 

 drinking a bowl of beer over a dead body, and 

 thereby symbolically taking upon himself the sins 

 of the deceased. The analogy is obvious between 

 the sin-eater and the scapegoat of the ancient 

 Jewish Day of Atonement. 



Funeral rites symbolise affection and respect for 

 the deceased and grief for his loss, or they may be 

 attempts to deprecate the ill-will of a now power- 

 ful ghost. The belief in the continuance of life 

 beyond the grave is a universal human possession, 

 and most savages attach ghost-souls also to animals 

 and even inanimate objects, which may accompany 

 the souls of men into the spirit-world as in life. 

 Hence the meaning of the North American Indians 

 burying bow and arrow with the dead, the old 

 Norse warrior having his horse and armour laid 

 beside him in his barrow, the Hindu widow's in- 

 veterate desire to be burnt l^rself to death together 

 with her husband's body, the head-hunting of the 

 Dyaks in order that a man may riot be unprovided 

 with slaves after his death, the burying of money 

 together with the corpse and even the obolus for 

 Charon's fee among the ancient Greeks, as well as 

 such a survival as our own leading the trooper's 

 horse behind his master's bier instead of burying 

 him in his grave. 



The funeral rites of the ancient Egyptians were 

 most elaborate, but it is scarcely safe to claim their 

 preference for embalming as conclusive proof of 

 their belief in a resurrection of the body, as they 

 embalmed animals as well as men, and did not 

 preserve some of the most important internal parts 

 of the human bodies they embalmed. 



See the articles ANCESTOR WORSHIP, BURIAL, EGYPT, 

 and EMBALMING ; for the religious significance of funeral 

 rites in Herbert Spencer's theory of religion, his Prin- 

 ciples of Sociology, but for a safer guide to interpretation, 

 Tylor's Primitive Culture ( vol. ii. ) ; also for the facts, 

 Feydeau, Hist, generate des Usages funebres et des sepul- 

 tures des Peuples anciens ( 3 vols. Paris, 1858 ) ; De Guber- 

 natis, Storia popolare degli usi funebri Indo-Europei 

 (1873): Tegg, The Last Act (1876); and Sonntag, Die 

 Todtenbestattuny (1878). 



FUNERAL EXPENSES, in Law. If limited to 

 the degree and quality of the deceased and the 

 estate he has left, funeral expenses are a privileged 

 debt, allowed before all other debts and charges, 

 both in England and Scotland. If the parties 

 primarily liable neglect the duty of giving decent 

 burial to the dead, a stranger may do so, and claim 

 reimbursement out of his effects. In Scotland it is 

 held that moderate and suitable mourning for the 

 widow and such of the children of the deceased as 

 were present at the funeral is a valid charge ; but 

 the reverse is the case in England, it having been 

 decided that the widow has no claim for mourn-, 

 ing either against the executor or the creditors of 

 her husband. 



FunfhailS, a suburb of Vienna lying SW. of 

 the city. Pop. about 50,000, principally engaged 

 in weaving, wood-turning, and building. 



Fttnfkirchen ('Five Churches,' from five 

 mosques built during the Turkish occupation, in 

 the 16th century; Hungarian, Pecs), a free town of 

 Hungary, capital of the county of Baranya, on the 

 vine-clad southern slope of the Mecsek Mountains, 

 139 miles S. by W. of Pesth by rail. Its bishopric 

 was founded in 1009, and it is one of the oldest, as 

 well as one of the most pleasantly situated and 

 beautiful towns of Hungary. It formerly possessed 



