GAD 



(1846), an<l !!<(, -nite. et Mart de Charles V. 

 1804 .">."), besides other hooks dealing with the 

 histon of I'.cl-inni. 



4.;ul. tin- sexenth son of Jacob by Zilpuh, the 

 handmaid of Leah, and founder of an Israelilish 

 till..- numbering at tlie exodus from Egypt over 

 4(),(MM) lighting men. Nomadic by nature, and 

 po-M'ssing lar^e herds of cattle, they preferred to 

 remain tin I lie east side of Jordan, and were re- 

 luct an I ly allowed to do so by Joshua, tin condition 

 of asMMini;- tlieir countrymen in the conquest and 

 subjugation of Canaan. Their territory lay to the 

 north of that t)f Reuben, anil comprised the inoun- 

 tainoiis district known a.s Gilead, through which 

 Mowed the brook Jahhok, touching the Sea of 

 Galilee at its northern extremity, and reaching as 

 far east as Itabbath-Ammon. The men of Gad 

 were a stalwart fighting race eleven of its heroes 

 joined David at his greatest need. Jephthah the 

 Gileadite, Bar/illai, Elijah the Tishbite, and Gad 

 4 the seer' were in all probability members of this 

 tribe. 



Gadames* or more accurately GHADAMES (the 

 Ci/i/Hnn/.f of the Romans), is the name of an oasis 

 and town of Africa, situated on the northern 

 border of the Sahara, in 30 9' N. lat. and 9 

 17' E. long. The entire oasis is surrounded by 

 a wall, which protects it from the sands of the 

 desert. The streets are narrow and tlark, being 

 covered in to shield them from the sun's rays. The 

 gardens of Gadames, which grow dates, figs, and 

 apricots, owe their fertility to a hot spring (89 

 F.), from which the town had its origin. The 

 climate is dry and healthy, though very hot in 

 summer. The town is an entrepot for manufactures 

 and foreign goods from Tripoli to the interior, and 

 for ivory, beeswax, hides, ostrich -feathers, gold, 

 Ac. , from the interior to Tripoli. The slave-trade 

 is now completely abolished. Pop. between 7000 

 and 10,000, mostly of Berber descent, and in re- 

 ligion devoted Mohammedans. 



Gad'ara, formerly a flourishing town of Syria, 

 in the Decapolis, a few miles SE. of the Sea of 

 Galilee, but now a group of ruins. It was the 

 capital of Pem>a, and in all probability the chief town 

 in the New Testament ' country of the Gadarenes ' 

 {cf. Mark, v.). It endured sieges by Alexander 

 Jamisons and Vespasian, but fell into decay after 

 the Mohammedan conquest. 



Gaddi, the name of three Florentine painters. 

 { 1 ) GADDO GADDI, born about 1259 at Florence, 

 where he died about 1332. None of his paintings 

 have survived, unless four of the frescoes in the 

 upper church at Assisi are from his hand. Of his 

 mosaics there remain specimens in S. Maria 

 Maggiore at Rome. (2) TADDEO GADDI, son and 

 pupil of the preceding, was born about 1300 in 

 Florence, and died there after 1366. A disciple of 

 Giotto, he painted frescoes representing the life of 

 the Virgin in the Baroncelli Chapel of the church 

 of the Holy Cross at Florence ; a triptych of the 

 Virgin and Child, now at Berlin ; another similar 

 one at Naples ; and other frescoes at Pisa and 

 Florence. As a painter he possessed little original 

 inspiration. (3) AONOLO GADDI, son and pupil of 

 Taddeo, born about 1330, died in October 1396. 

 At Prato he executed a series of frescoes depicting 

 the history of the Virgin's Sacred Girdle, and in 

 the church of the Holy Cross at Florence another 

 series showing the history of the Cross. Besides 

 these he painted some aitarpieces. Later in life 

 he settled at Venice, and devoted himself to com- 

 mercial pursuits. 



<;<!'. NIELS WILHELM, musical composer, born 



at Copenhagen 22d February 1817. He became 



known by his Echoes of Ossian ( 1841 ), studied at 



Leipzig, and l>ecame Mendelssohn's successor as 



212 



GADWALL 



49 



leader of the i Gevvundhaus concerts there. In JK68 

 he was appointed master of the ('hain-1 Royal at 

 Copenhagen. Author of symphonies, tli" Krl Kiny'* 

 iiijIiliT, &(., In- died 'Jlst l)eeiiilM.'r 1890. 



Gadcs. See CADIZ. 

 (ad-fly. See Bur. 



4.;i<l i<l:r (Cod -fishes), an important family of 

 honv lislies in the hull-order Anaeanthini (nee 

 BONY FISHKS), including many of the mi wt im- 

 portant food-fishes, such as cod, haddock, whiting, 

 and other species of Gadus, the hake (Mer- 

 luccius), the fresh- water burbot (Lota), anil the 

 ling (Molva). The general characters will le 

 readily gathered from the articles on these fishes. 

 Most of the Gadidae are littoral and surface -fishes, 

 but not a few, such as Chiasmodus ( figured under 

 FISHES), Halargyreus, the deep black Melanonus 

 discovered by the Challenger, and Haloporphyrus, 

 inhabit the deep sea, while a few species (e.g. 

 burbot ) live in fresh water. They vary greatly in 

 size, from giant cod, hake, and ling four feet or so 

 long to the dwarf-fish ( Bregmaceros ) of tropical 

 seas, which measures only about three inches. See 

 COD, and similar articles. 



Gadsden, CHRISTOPHER, an American patriot, 

 born in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1724, was 

 educated in England, and became a successful 

 merchant in Philadelphia. He was a member of 

 the first Continental congress (1774), rose to the 

 rank of brigadier-general during the revolution, 

 was lieutenant-governor of South Carolina, and 

 suffered nearly a year's imprisonment by the 

 British. He died 28th August 1805. His grand- 

 son, JAMES GADSDEN, born in Charleston, 15th 

 May 1788, served as lieutenant-colonel of engineers 

 in the war of 1812, and as Jackson's aide against 

 the Seminole Indians. In 1853 he was appointed 

 minister to Mexico, and negotiated a treaty under 

 which the United States purchased a large section 

 of territory, 'the Gadsden Purchase,' now forming 

 part of Arizona (q.v.) and New Mexico. He died 

 25th December 1858. 



Gadsllill, 3 miles NW. of Rochester, commands 

 a splendid prospect, and was the scene of FalstafFs 

 famous encounter with the growing number of 

 'rogues in buckram suits.' Gadshill Place, an old- 

 fashioned red -brick house here, which Dickens 

 coveted as a boy, was bought by him in 1856, and 

 was his permanent residence from 1860 till his 

 death in 1870. 



Gad wall (Anas strepera), a species of duck, 

 not quite so large as the mallard, a rare visitant 

 of Britain, but almndant in many parts of the con- 

 tinent of Europe, and equally so in Asia and in 



Gadwall ( Anas strepera). 



North America. Being a bird of passage, it occur* 

 also in tropical regions e.g. the north of Africa, 



