GAETA 



GAINSBOROUGH 



53 



:e of Poj>e I'm-- IX. ; in 1860-01 of 

 II. ..I Viples. Tin- vicinity of (Jaeta aliounds in 

 n-ni.-iin^ <>t' Konian villas, \c. The citadel, which 

 !- iif great si length, contains in its tower the toml> 

 of the Constable Bonrlton. killed at the taking of 

 Home in I.VJ7. The inhabitants, 16,848 in 1881, 

 an- chielly engaged in fishing and in the coasting 

 trail'- in corn, oil, \viin 1 , ajid fruits. 



Gactil. Mm. ADI. See FUKMIA. 



4.;rt II li:i. an ancient country of Africa, situated 

 south of Mauritania and Numidia, and embracing 

 tin- \\rsieru i>art of the Sahara. Its inlial>it.-inis 

 belonged in all probability to the aboriginal Berber 

 family of north and north-western Africa; they 

 were, not in general black, though a portion of 

 them dwelling in the extreme south, towards the 

 Niger, had approximated to this colour through 

 intermixture with the natives and from climatic 

 causes, and were called Melanogietuli, or ' Black 

 Gffitulians.' The Gnetulians were savage and war- 

 like, and paid great attention to the rearing of 

 horses. They first came into collision with the 

 Romans during the Jugurthine war, when they 

 served as light-horse in the army of the Numidian 

 king. Cossus Lentul us broke them to Roman rule, 

 obtaining for his success a triumph and the surname 

 of (itetuliciis (6 A.D.). The ancient Gaetulians are 

 believed to be represented by the modern Tuareg. 



4ilir. in a ship or boat, the spar to which the 

 head of a fore-and-aft sail is bent, such sail having 

 its foremost side made fast by rings to the mast, 

 and its lower edge, in most instances, held straight 

 by a boom. The thick end of the gaff is con- 

 structed with ' jaws ' to pass half round the mast, 

 the other half being enclosed by a rope. A gaff- 

 topsail is a small sail carried on the topmast above 

 the gaff. For the gaff or hook of the fisherman, 

 see ANGLING. 



Gage. See GAUGE ; and for GREENGAGE, see 

 PLUM. 



, THOMAS, an English general, was born 

 in 1721, the second son of the first Viscount Gage. 

 In 1755 he accompanied Braddock's ill-fated ex- 

 pedition as lieutenant-colonel, and as brigadier- 

 general became in 1760 military governor of Mon- 

 treal, and in 1763commander-in-chief of the British 

 forces in America. His inflexible character led the 

 government to regard him as well fitted to end the 

 disturbances in the American colonies. In 1774 he 

 was nominated governor of Massachusetts, a post 

 of peculiar difficulty, and his enforcement of the 

 rigorous decrees of parliament brought matters to a 

 climax. On the night of 18th April 1775 he 

 despatched an expedition to seize a quantity of 

 arms which had been stored at Concord ; and next 

 'lay took place the memorable encounter of Lexing- 

 ton, which announced that the Revolution had 

 begun. The battle of Bunker Hill (q.v. ) made 

 him unpopular. For a short time he was com- 

 raander-in-cliief in America, a. post he soon resigned 

 to ret urn to England, where he died, 2d April 1787. 



of his sons became third viscount. 



<>agern, HEINRICH WILHELM AUGUST, FREI- 



HKIMI VON, German statesman, was born at 



Baireuth, 20th August 1799. He was one of the 



founders of the student movement (Burschenscliaft) 



315-19. After holding office under the govern- 



ment of Hesse- Darmstadt down to 1848, he became, 



in that year, one of the leading politicians of the 



l-rankfort parliament, of which he was elected 



president. In that capacity he endeavoured to 



carry his views that the new central government 



for all Germany should be established on the basis 



f monarchical constitutionalism, and that the 



king of Prussia was the most fitting monarch to 



be elected to the dignity of emperov. But, dis- 



couraged by the lukewarmneHH of Prussia, and 

 repelled by the violence of the extreme democratic 

 party, (Jagern resigned his position, 20th May 

 1849, and shortly afterwards retired into private 

 life. But from 1859 he again took part in the 

 grand-ducal politics, as a strong partisan of Austria 

 against Prussia. Pensioned off in 1872, he died at 

 Darmstadt, 2*Jd May 1880. 



Gaillac, a town in the French department of 

 Tarn, on the river (Jaillac, 32 miles by rail NE. of 

 Toulouse. The abliey church of St Michel dates 

 from the 12th century. Its 6368 inhabitants are 

 engaged in wine-growing, coopering, and spinning, 

 and trade in clover, coriander seeds, plums, and 

 wine. 



Gaillard, CHATEAU. See ANDELYS. 



Gainsborough, a market- town of Lincoln- 

 shire, on the rignt bank of the Trent, 21 miles 

 above its embouchure in the Humber, and 16 miles 

 by rail NW. of Lincoln. The parish church, with 

 the exception of a fine old tower, dating from the 

 12th century, was rebuilt in 1736. The Manor 

 House, built by John of Gaunt, now forms part of 

 the corn exchange. The grammar-school was 

 founded in 1589. Vessels drawing 12 feet of 

 water can ascend the Trent to Gainsborough, 

 which ranks as a sub-port of Grimsby. The 

 town manufactures linseed cake and oil, malt, 

 and cordage. Pop. (1851) 7506; (1891) 14,372. 

 See Stark's History of Gainsborough (2d ed. 1843). 



Gainsborough, THOMAS, portrait and land- 

 scape painter, one of the greatest of English artists, 

 was born at Sudbury, Suffolk, in 1727, the day of 

 his baptism being the 14th of May. His father, a 

 well-to-do clothier and crapemaker, had him edu- 

 cated at the grammar-school of the place, where 

 Mr Burroughs, the boy : s uncle, was master ; and, 

 as he was never happy but when sketching the 

 rustic scenery around him, he was sent to London, 

 at the age of fourteen, to study art under 

 Gravelot, the excellent French engraver and de- 

 signer of book-illustrations, under Frank Hay- 

 man, and in the St Martin's Lane Academy. He 

 returned to his native county about 1744, estab- 

 lished himself as a portrait- painter at Ipswich, and 

 in 1745 married Margaret Burr, a lady with 200 

 a year. He was patronised by Sir Philip Thick- 

 nesse, the governor of Landguard Fort, a view of 

 which, afterwards engraved by Major, he was 

 commissioned to paint. Through the advice of 

 his friend, he removed in 1760 to Bath, where 

 Thicknesse had influence, and where there was a 

 promising opening for a skilful portrait-painter. 

 Here he won the public by his portrait of Earl 

 Nugent ; numerous commissions followed, and in 

 1761 he began to exhibit with the Society of Artists 

 of Great Britain, in Spring Gardens, London, a 

 body which he continued to support till 1768, 

 when he became a foundation mem oer of the Royal 

 Academy, from which he afterwards practically 

 retired, owing to what he considered the unworthy 

 place that had been assigned to his group of ' The 

 King's Daughters' in the exhibition of 1784. In 

 1774, after a deadly quarrel with Thicknesse, he 

 removed to London, establishing his studio in a 

 portion of Schomberg House, Pall Mall, and there 

 prosecuted his art with splendid success, being in 

 portraiture the only worthy rival of Reynolds, 

 and in landscape of Wilson. In 1788,* while 

 attending the trial of Warren Hastings, in West- 

 minster Hall, he caught a chill from an open 

 window, a cancerous tumour developed itself, and 

 he died on the 2d of August, and was buried in 

 Kew churchyard. Personally, Gainsborough pos- 

 sessed all the enthusiasm, tne airy vivacity, the 

 hot impulsiveness, that we commonly associate 

 with the artistic temperament. He was devoted 



