GALABAT 



GALA8HIELS 



55 



the second, <>f tilings ami of how pos.neHsion of them 

 l> ucniiired, including the law relating to 

 will.- ; tin- tliird, of inte-tati- -m-i-i-sion uml obliga- 

 tions; ami the fourth and lust, of actions. Abiric 

 II., king of the West Goths, promulgated in 500, 

 l'oi tin- u-f of his Roman subjects, the code known 

 as iii-i-i'inriinn Aluriri, which contains copious 



.\.-.-ipt-fr (Jains, of numerous editions of the 



>/t>-s |>iil*lislnil since 1KJ7, maybe mentioned 

 tho-r in far-simile liy Hocking ( Leip. 1806) and 

 Stiidemtmd i I,ei]i. 1874), and with an English 

 translation by Iv Porte (2d ed. Oxford Clarendon 

 Press, 1875) and .lames Muirliead (Edin. 1880). 



4alahat. a small republic of Negroes from 

 Dar-Fflr and Wadai, situated near the western 

 frontiers of Abyssinia. The people, some 20,000 

 in number, and fanatical Mohammedans, trade 

 with Abyssinia in cotlee, cotton, hides, and bees- 

 wax. 



Galactodendron. See COW-TREE. 



<.alact omrirr. See LACTOMETER. 



Galacz. See GALATZ. 



<ialauo. a genus of large-eared, long-tailed, 

 African Lemurs (q.v. ), arboreal and nocturnal in 

 habit, living on fruit and insects. They vary from 

 the size of a rabbit to that of a rat, are covered 

 with thick soft woolly fur, have somewhat bushy 

 tails longer than the body, and hind-legs longer and 

 stronger than the arms, with two of the ankle bones 

 (calcaneum and iniri<-iilr) greatly elongated. The 

 head is round like a cat's ; the eyes are large with 

 oval pupils contracting in daylight to vertical slits ; 

 the ears are naked and very big, expanded during 

 activity, but rolled together when the animal rests. 

 The digits are strong and well adapted for grasping 

 the branches ; all bear nails except the second on 

 the hind-foot, which is clawed. The dentition 



Galago Monteiri. 



suggests insectivorous rather than vegetarian diet. 

 The female is said to bear one young one at a birth, 

 and often carries it about. Soft nests are also made 

 in the branches. The Galago proper (G. sene<i<tl- 

 ensis or Otolicmis Galago ) is a pretty animal with 

 < illy fur, grayish fawn above, whitish beneath. It 

 seems to be distributed throughout tropical Africa, 

 and is known in Senegal as ' the gum animal ' from 

 its frequent habitat in mimosa or ^urn-acacia forests, 

 and from its alleged habit of gum-chewing. They 

 sleep with bowed head and tail curled round them 

 during the day, but at night they are as active as 

 birds, watching for moths and small animals, on 

 which they spring with reat adroitness. They are 



-ai.l to ii m a favourite article of food in Senegal. 

 The largest species (G. or 0. crturicaudutu*) meas- 

 ures a font in length, not including the bushy tail, 

 which is lf> or lli inclic- more. ' In /.aii/.ibar the 

 Kombii i '/. or 0. aginymoanug) in said frequently to 

 make itself intoxicated with palm-wine, -<> that it 

 falls from the tree and gets caught.' It in readily 

 tamed ami utilised to catch insects and mice in the 

 I louses. There are numerous species, sometimes 

 distributed in sub-genera. 



Cialahad. See GRAIL. 



4> a la n ua Ir ( A Ipinia gulanga ; not to be con- 

 fused with ' the slender galingale,' see GALIN 7 GALE), 

 a genus of Zingiberacew cultivated in the Eastern 

 Archipelago, and much used in the East for the 

 same purposes as ginger. 



Calant hits. See SNOWDROP. 



4-alapa tios (Span. Galdpagos, from galdpago, 

 'a tortoise'), a group of islands of volcanic forma- 

 tion, lying on the equator, about 000 miles W. of 

 Ecuador, to which they belong. The archipelago 

 derives its name from the enormous land tortoises 

 formerly found there in great numbers ; but the 

 individual islands all possess names of English 

 origin probably bestowed by the buccaneers who 

 made them a sort of headquarters during the 17th 

 century. The group consists of seven principal 

 islands, with about nalf-a-do/en of lesser size, and 

 innumerable islets and rocks ; the area is estimated 

 at 2440 sq. m., of which Albemarle Island embraces 

 over half. Rising to a height of nearly 5000 feet, and 

 with a climate dry and somewhat tempered by the 

 cool Peruvian current, the islands are covered with 

 a dense vegetation on the southern side, which 

 absorbs the moisture carried by the trade-wind ; 

 on the northern side they are barren and forbidding 

 in aspect, the lower parts covered entirely with 

 ashes and lava or with prickly scrub. Darwin puts 

 the number of craters in the group at 2000 ; some 

 appear to be not yet extinct. The Galapagos possess 

 both a flora and fauna peculiar to themselves; over 

 a hundred species of plants have been noted that 

 are met with nowhere else, and the species of 

 animals differ greatly even in the various islands. 

 The archipelago was annexed by Ecuador in 1832, 

 and attempts were made to colonise it, of which 

 the only remaining result is the so-called ' wild 

 cattle." Charles Island was used as a penal settle- 

 ment for some years, but it and Chatham Island are 

 now occupied by agricultural colonists, the chief 

 crop being sugar. Cotton, vegetables, and most 

 cereals are also raised, and molasses, rum, hides, 

 and Archil (q.v.) are exported. Pop. (1895) 400. 

 See Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle, and a paper by 

 Captain Markham in Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc. (1880). 



Galashiels, the chief seat in Scotland of the 

 Scotch tweed manufacture, occupies 2 miles of 

 the narrow valley of the Gala, immediately al>ove 

 the junction of that river with the Tweed. Al- 

 though situated partly in Roxburghshire and partly 

 in Selkirkshire, for judicial purposes it has been 

 fixed by an act passed in 1867 as within the county 

 of Selkirk. It is 33 miles SSE. of Edinburgh, 

 and 4 WNW. of Melrose. In the 15th century it is 

 spoken of as 'the forest-steading of Galashiels;' 

 and its tower, demolished about 1814, was then 

 occupied by the Douglases. In 1599 it was made a 

 burgn of barony, having then 400 inhabitants. As 

 early as 1581 wool was here manufactured into cloth, 

 and in 1790 the value of the cloth so manufactured 

 was 1000. So great, however, has been the pro- 

 gress of the woollen trade of the town during the 

 present century, that in 1890 the estimated value of 

 tweeds manufactured was no less than one million 

 and a quarter sterling. By the Reform Act 

 of 1868 it was made a parliamentary burgh, and 

 along with Hawick and Selkirk sends a member to 



