56 



GALATA 



GALATZ 



parliament. A local act of parliament was obtained 

 in 1876, under which the bounds of the burgh were 

 extended for municipal purposes, and a water-supply 

 introduced. Galashiels' chief claim to notice is 

 its manufacturing enterprise. It has 23 woollen 

 factories containing 120 ' setts ' of carding engines, 

 with 100,562 spindles. The goods manufactured are 

 almost exclusively the well-known woollen cloth 

 called Scotch tweed. The mills are almost entirely 

 dependent on steam for motive power. The town 

 has also the largest and best-appointed skinnery in 

 Scotland. Its valuation rose from 29,838 in 1872 

 to 62,667 in 1889. Pop. ( 1831 ) 2209 ; ( 1861 ) 6433 ; 

 (1871) 10,312; (1881) 15,330, of whom 12,434 were 

 within the extended burgh; (1891) 17,249. See 

 T. Craig-Brown's History of Selkirkshire (1886). 



{.a I a la. a suburb of Constantinople (q.v.). 



Galatea. See Acis. 



Galatia, also GALLO-GILECIA, in ancient geo- 

 graphy, a country of Asia Minor, separated from 

 Bithynia and Paphlagonia on the N. by the 

 Olympus range ( Ala-Dagh ) and the river Halys, 

 and bounded on the E. by Pontus, on the S. by 

 Cappadocia and Lycaonia, and on the W. by 

 Phrygia. The country is an elevated plateau, 

 2000 to 3000 feet above sea-level, consisting for 

 the most part of a rolling grassy region, that 

 affords excellent pasturage for sheep and goats. 

 The western half of Galatia is watered by the 

 Sangarius, whilst the Halys traverses it in the 

 middle and north-east. The climate is one pre- 

 senting extremes of heat and cold. The boundaries 

 of Galatia have, however, varied at different epochs 

 of history. Originally it formed part of Phrygia. 

 The name Galatia it received from a body of Gauls 

 who, breaking off from the army of Brennus, when 

 that chieftain invaded Greece, entered Asia Minor 

 about 278 B.C., and were finally defeated in a great 

 battle by Attains, king of Pergamus, in 235, who 

 thereupon compelled them to settle in Galatia. 

 Remaining independent, however, they proved for- 

 midable foes to the Romans in the wars of the latter 

 against the kings of Syria ; and although subdued 

 by the Roman general Cmeus Manlius in 189, they 

 still continued to govern themselves, latterly under 

 a single king. These Gauls, who became Hellenised 

 shortly after settling in their new country, although 

 they clung to their native language down to the 

 4th century, extended their power during the 

 1st century B.C. over Pontus, part of Armenia, 

 Lycaonia, Isauria, and other districts. But on the 

 death of King Amyntas in 25 B.C. the country was 

 made a Roman province, which was further divided 

 by Theodosius the Great into Galatia Prima, with 

 Ancyra (Angora) for its capital, and Galatia 

 Secunda, with Pessinus as chief town. 



Galatians, THE EPISTLE TO THE, an epistle 

 directed by the apostle Paul ' to the churches of 

 Galatia.' According to Lightfoot it was written 

 from Macedonia or Achaia in the winter or spring 

 of the years 57-58 A.D. Others place it at the 

 end of 55 or the beginning of 56, on the apostle's 

 journey to Ephesus or in the early part of his 

 sojourn there. It is one of the most important of 

 the four epistles which are undoubtedly from the 

 hand of Paul, and was written to counteract the 

 influence of the Judaisers who had appeared among 

 the Gentile Christians of the churches of, Galatia. 

 Those churches had been founded by Paul during 

 +.he second, and revisited by him during the third, 

 of his missionary journeys (cf. Acts, xvi. 6, and 

 xviii. 23). At his first visit the people received him 

 as 'an angel of God,' and he was detained among 

 them by sickness for a considerable time. It is 

 disputed whether the passages i. 9, iv. 16-20, and 

 v. 7, 12 show traces of the Judaising leaven even at 

 the time of his second visit, or whether i. 6, iii. 1, 



and v. 7, 8 are sufficient to prove that they did not 

 appear till after his departure. As the Roman 

 province of Galatia formed in 25 B. c. included also 

 Isauria, Lycaonia, arid parts of Pisidia and Phrygia, 

 some think that the 'churches of Galatia ' may 

 have extended to those regions, but it is more prob- 

 able that the Galatia of Paul was confined to the 

 upper basins of the Halys and Sangarius. Bar- 

 barian hordes of Galati or Gallogreeci had settled 

 there in the 3d century B.C., and in the larger towns, 

 like Tavium, Pessinus, and Ancyra, adopted Greek 

 speech and manners, while the country people, down 

 to the time of Jerome, spoke a language ' almost 

 identical witli that of the Treveri.' Lightfoot 

 concludes from Ids elaborate investigations that the 

 Galatian settlers belonged to the Cymric branch 

 of the Celtic race. Though the population in- 

 cluded also aboriginal Phrygians, as well as Greek, 

 Roman, and Jewish immigrants, the characteristic 

 vitality of the Celts maintained the predominance 

 of that race, whose proverbial impressibility and 

 fickleness are so clearly illustrated in the epistle to 

 the Galatians. The ' troublers ' maintained that 

 every one who entered into God's Covenant must 

 be circumcised, and keep the whole law, whose dis- 

 cipline was a moral necessity for all men, and 

 on whose observance the' promises of the Old 

 Testament were dependent. Galatians is the only 

 epistle of Paul which has no word of praise for its 

 recipients. It at once plunges passionately into the 

 immediate practical question why they are ' so 

 soon removed . . . iinto another gospel,' and from 

 beginning to end has no tidings, messages, or greet- 

 ings. The body of the epistle is commonly divided 

 into two parts (1) theoretical (i. 6 v. 12) and 

 (2) practical (v. 13 vi. 10). Holsten and others 

 prefer the following division of the argument : ( 1 ) 

 the divine origin of Paul's gospel proved by a 

 historical demonstration of the impossibility of its 

 opposite ( i. 6 ii. 21 ); ( 2 ) the full right of the 

 believing Gentile to the blessing of the Messianic 

 promise proved by a confutation of the assertion 

 that the Messianic salvation is in any way de- 

 pendent on circumcision and legal observances ( iii. 

 1 iv. 11); (3) the believer's righteousness of life 

 proved to be the fruit or outward expression of the 

 Spirit bestowed upon him in contradiction of the 

 supposed necessity of a righteousness of life which 

 should be brought about by subjection to circum- 

 cision and law (iv. 12 vi. 10). 



The chief commentaries on Galatians are those of 

 Luther (1519; Eng. trans. Lond. 1810); Winer (1821; 

 4th ed. 1859), Riickert (1833), Schott (1834), De Wette 

 (1841; 3d ed. by W. Moller, 18(54 1; Windischman 

 (Catholic, 1843), Hilgenfeld (1852), Ellicott (1854; 4th 

 ed. 1867), Jowett (1856), Wieseler (1859), Hofmann 

 (1863; 2d ed. 1872), Lightfoot (1865; 5th ed. 1880), 

 Eadie (1869), Brandes (1869), O. Schmoller (1875), Meyer 

 (6th ed. by F. Sieffert, 1880), Holsten in the Pro- 

 testanttnbibtl (3d ed. 1879; Eng. trans, by F. H. Jones, 

 1883) and in Deis Evanyelium dcs Paulus (vol. i. 1880), 

 Schaff (1881), Worner (1882;, Philippi (1884), Kohler 

 (1884), Beet (1885), and Findlay (1888). 



<r a la I ilia, a town of Italy, 13 miles SW. of 

 Lecce. It has a church, erected in 1384, with 

 antique sculptures and fine tombs of the Balzo- 

 Orsini family. Pop. 8720. 



GalatZ, or GALACZ, a river-port of Moldavia, 

 the centre of the commerce or the Roumanian 

 kingdom, is situated on the left bank of the 

 Danube, 3 miles below the influx of the Sereth, 

 and 85 from the Sulina mouth of the Danube, 

 whilst by rail it is 166 NE. of Bucharest, and 259 

 SW. of Odessa. It occupies the slope of a hill 

 overlooking the river, and is divided into an Old 

 and New Town, the former consisting of irregularly 

 built streets, the latter built more after the fashion 

 of western Europe. Its dockyard, its large bazaar, 



