GALA WATER 



GALEN 



::iin stmvs. ils maxa/im-s of oriental \\.il'--, 

 ami its hanking establishments deserve notice. 

 Tlii- chief objects of industry are iron, copper, 

 \\a\ candles, and soap. Tin- exports consisi uf 

 mai/e, wheat. wheat-Hour, barley > rye, and tiinlier. 

 The import* iiielinle timber, grain, lish, fruits, oil, 

 chemicals, iron, steel, anil eotton gi>ods. The town 

 has Li-en, since IS.Iti, the seat of the International 

 Hanube Commission. The population, a medley of 

 \arions nationalities, has risen from 36,000 in 1869 

 to .17,4(50 in IS!),1. (ialat/ has frequently been 

 taken in the uars het \\een the Kussiiuis ami Turks 

 since 17SJI. It reased to he a free port in 1883. 



<.ala Water, a stream of Edinburgh, Selkirk, 

 a nil lloxhurgh shires, rising among the Moorfoot 

 Hills, and winding 21 miles south-south-eastward, 

 past Stow and Galashiels, till, after a total descent 

 of 800 feet, it falls into the Tweed, a little below 

 Abhotsford, and 2 miles W. of Mel rose. In its 

 valley, the ancient VVedale, Skene localises one of 

 Arthur's battles ; its ' braw, braw lads' are famous 

 in song. 



Galaxy (Gr. gala, 'milk'), or the Milky- way, 

 i< the great luminous band which nightly stretches 

 across the heavens from horizon to horizon, and 

 which is found to form a zone very irregular in out- 

 line, but completely encircling the whole sphere 

 almost in a great circle, inclined at an angle of 

 (\'.\ to the equinoctial. At one part of its course it 

 opens up into two branches, one faint and inter- 

 rupted, the other bright and continuous, which do 

 not reunite till after remaining distinct for about 

 150. Its luminosity is due to innumerable multi- 

 t iiiles of stars, so distant as to be blended in appear- 

 ance, and only distinguishable by powerful tele- 

 scopes. How a collection of stars can assume such 

 appearances as are presented in the Galaxy is 

 explained in the article STARS (q.v.). The in- 

 vestigation of tliis subject was largely the work of 

 Sir William Herschel. The origin of the current 

 figurative use of galaxy, as in 'galaxy of beauty,' 

 ' galaxy of wit,' is sufficiently obvious. 



<ialb;i. SERVIUS SULPICIUS, Roman emperor 

 from June 68 A.D. to January 69, was born 24th 

 December 3 B.C. He was raised to the consulship 

 in 33 A.D., and conducted the administration in 

 Aquitania, Germany, Africa, and Hispania Tarra- 

 conensis with courage, skill, and strict justice. In 

 68 the Gallic legions rose against Nero, and pro- 

 claimed Galba emperor. But Galba, now an old 

 man, soon made himself unpopular by placing him- 

 self in the hands of greedy favourites, by ill-timed 

 severity, and, above all, by his avarice. Shortly 

 afterwards he was assassinated by the praetorians 

 in Uonie. 



Galhailllin, a gum-resin, used in medicine in 

 the same cases as asafujtida. It is met with in 

 hardened drops or tears, usually compacted into a 

 mass, of a brown to light-green translucent colour, 

 and possessing an aromatic odour and bitter allia- 

 ceous taste. Galbanum contains about 7 per cent, 

 of volatile oil, besides resin and gum. It is applied 

 as a plaster to indolent swellings, and occasionally 

 administered as a stimulating expectorant, and in 

 amenorrhuea and chronic rheumatism. Although 

 known from earliest times, and used as an incense 

 by the Israelites ( Kx. xxx. 34), under the name of 

 cnelbenah, its source has always been uncertain. 

 There seems to \*e little doubt, however, that it is 

 obtained from the Ferula Galbanifluo and F. rnln-i- 

 'iii/is. umbelliferous plants found in Persia. 



Galrlias. a collective name given by Ujfalvy 

 to a group of trills inhabiting the highlands and 

 upland valleys of Ferghana, the Zarafshan, and the 

 < Kns. They are closely akin to the peoples of the 

 li.uiic stock, and in speech are near the Tajiks and 

 Persians. They are Sunni Mohammedans. 



l''i.MTo I'l-.HKX, Siiiiiii-.li novelist, wa* 

 born in lS4!)on the Canary Island*, but settled in 

 Madrid. His earlier works (Trafiilyur, Haileu, 

 &c. ) were historical romances ; the later one** 

 (Marin ml'i, l.i mi l,'<-/t. Lady Perfecta, &c. ) give 

 realistic pictures of social conditions. Matiy have 

 been translated into Knglish. 



GalC, SWKKT. See BOG MYRTLE. 



Gale, Tiii.Hi'iin.rs (1628-1678), divine, was 

 fellow and tutor of Magdalen College, Oxford, and 

 preacher in Westminster Cathedral; was ejected 

 for nonconformity after 1660, and subsequently 

 was tutor and preacher in London. He wrote 

 The Court of the Gentiles (1669), and other 

 works. 



Gale, THOMAS (1635?-1702), fellow of Trinity 

 College, Cambridge, head-master of St Paul's and 

 dean of York, edited classics, published Onuscula 

 on mythology, and works on early English history. 



Galekas, a Bantu tribe, occupy the part of the 

 Transkei Territory (q.v.) just beyond the great 

 Kei River. They are also called Amaxosa Kaffirs. 



Galen, or CLAUDIUS GALENUS, a celebrated 

 Greek physician, was born at Pergamus, in Mysia, 

 131 A.D. In his nineteenth year he began the 

 study of medicine, first at Pergamus, afterwards 

 at Smyrna, Corinth, and Alexandria. On his 

 return to his native city in 158 he was at once 

 appointed physician to the school of gladiators. 

 But six years later he went to Rome, where he 

 stayed for about four years, and gained such a 

 reputation that he was offered, though he declined, 

 the post of physician to the emperor. Scarcely, 

 however, had he returned to his native city when 

 he received a summons from the Emperors M. 

 Aurelius and L. Verus to attend them in the Ven- 

 etian territory, and shortly afterwards he accom- 

 panied or followed them to Rome (170). There he 

 remained several years, though how long is not 

 known precisely : at all events he attended M. 

 Aurelius and his two sons, Commodus and Sextus, 

 and about the end of the 2d century was employed 

 by the Emperor Severus. If the statements of 

 one of his Arabic biographers, Abu-'l Faraj, be 

 correct, he must have died in Sicily about the 

 year 201, though the exact place and date of his 

 death are not known with certainty. 



Galen was a voluminous writer not only on 

 medical, but also on philosophical subjects, such as 

 logic, ethics, and grammar. The works that are 

 still extant under his name consist of 83 treatises 

 that are acknowledged to be genuine ; 19 whose 

 genuineness has been questioned ; 45 undoubtedly 

 spurious ; 19 fragments ; and 15 commentaries 

 on different works of Hippocrates. His most 

 important anatomical and physiological works 

 are De Anatomicis Administrationibus, and De 

 Usu Partium Corporis Hiunani. As an anato- 

 mist, he combined with patient skill and sober 

 observation as a practical dissector of lower 

 animals, not of the human body accuracy of 

 description and clearness of exposition as a writer. 

 He gathered up all the medical knowledge of his 

 time and fixed it on such a firm foundation of truth 

 that it continued to be, as he left it, the authori- 

 tative account of the science for centuries. His 

 physiology does not, according to modern ideas, 

 attain to the same level of scientific excellence as 

 his anatomy. He is still dominated by theoretical 

 notions, especially by the Hippocratic four elements 

 (hot, cold, wet,' and dry) and the Hippooratic 

 humours. His therapeutics are also influenced by 

 the same notions, drugs having the same four 

 elemental qualities as the human body ; and he was 

 a believer in the principle of curing diseases trace- 

 able, according to him, to the maladmixture of the 

 elements, by the use of drugs possessing the oppo- 



