58 



GALENA 



GALIANI 



site elementary qualities. His pathology also was 

 very speculative and imperfect. In his diagnosis 

 and prognosis he laid great stress on the pulse, on 

 which suhject he may be considered as the first and 

 greatest authority, for all subsequent writers 

 adopted his system without alteration. He like- 

 wise placed great confidence in the doctrine of criti- 

 cal days, which he believed to be influenced by the 

 moon. In materia medica his authority was not 

 so high as that of Dioscorides. Numerous ingre- 

 dients, many of which were probably inert, enter 

 into most of his prescriptions. He seems to place 

 a more implicit faith in amulets than in medicine, 

 and he is supposed by Cullen to be the originator of 

 the anodyne necklace which was so long famous 

 in England. The subsequent Greek and Roman 

 medical writers were mere compilers from his Avrit- 

 ings ; and as soon as his works were translated (in 

 the 9th century) into Arabic they were at once 

 adopted throughout the East to the exclusion of 

 all others. 



GALENICAL, GALENIST, are words having refer- 

 ence to the controversies of the period of the re- 

 vival of letters, when the authority of Galen was 

 strongly asserted against all innovations, and par- 

 ticularly against the introduction of chemical, or 

 rather alchemical ideas and methods of treatment 

 into medicine. The Galenists adhered to the 

 ancient formulas, in which drugs were prescribed, 

 either in substance or in the form of tinctures and 

 extracts, &c. ; while the chemists professed to 

 extract from them the essences or quintessences 

 (quinta essentia, the fifth essence, supposed to be 

 particularly pure, as requiring five processes to 

 extract it) i.e. substances in small bulk, pre- 

 sumed to contain the whole virtues of the original 

 drugs in a state of extreme concentration, or puri- 

 fied from all gross and pernicious or superfluous 

 matter. 



There have been numerous editions of Galen's writings, 

 or parts of them ; the most accessible, as well as prob- 

 ably the best, is that of C. G. Kuhn (20 vols. 1821-33). 

 For a general account of his anatomical and physio- 

 logical knowledge, see Kidd in vol. vi. of Trans. Pro- 

 vincial Med. and Sure/. Assoc. (1837); Daremberg, Des 

 Connaissances de Galien ( Paris, 1841 ) ; and the epitome 

 in English by J. R. Coxe (Phila. 1846). 



Galena, or LEAD-GLANCE, a mineral which is 

 essentially a sulphide of lead, the proportions being 

 13 '4 sulphur and 86 '6 lead ; but usually containing 

 a little silver, and sometimes copper, iron, zinc, 

 antimony, or selenium. It has a hardness equal to 

 2^-3, and a specific gravity of 7 '2-7 '6. It is of a 

 lead-gray colour, with a metallic lustre, is found 

 massive, or sometimes granular, or crystallised in 

 cubes or octahedrons. It is very easily broken, 

 and its fragments are cubical. It occurs in veins, 

 beds, and imbedded masses, often accompanying 

 other metallic ores, such as zinc-blende, in the 

 older stratified rocks, but most of all in what is 

 known as the carboniferous or mountain-limestone. 

 It is found very abundantly in some parts of 

 Britain, and in many other countries, :,.i in 

 Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary. . ranee, 

 the United States, &c. Almost all the lead of 

 commerce is obtained from it. It sometimes con- 

 tains so much silver that the separation of that 

 metal is profitably carried on. The Lead (q.v. ) 

 is extracted from it by a very simple process. 



Galena, a city of Illinois, on the Fevre River, 

 6 miles above its junction with the Mississippi, 

 and 169 miles WNW. of Chicago by rail. The 

 river runs here between high limestone bluff's, and 

 the town is built on a series of terraces. It con- 

 tains a custom-house, and a number of mills, 

 foundries, and furniture factories, and exports a 

 large quantity of lead (mined and smelted in the 

 vicinity) and zinc. Pop. ( 1870) 7019 ; ( 1900) 5005. 



Galeri'tes (galerus, 'a cap'), a genus of fossil 

 sea-urchins, peculiar to and abundant in the Creta- 

 ceous System. The generic 

 name, as well as that popu- 

 larly given to them in the dis- 

 tricts where they abound viz. 

 ' Sugar-loaves,' is descriptive 

 of the elongated and more or 

 less conical shape of their 

 shell. The body in breadth 

 is nearly circular or polygonal. 

 The under surface is entirely 

 flat, and has the mouth placed Galerites albogalerus. 

 in its centre, with the vent 



near the margin. There are five avenues of pores 

 reaching from the mouth to the summit. These 

 fossils are often found silicified. " The species figured 

 is one of the most abundant; it has received its 

 specific name from its resemblance to the white 

 caps worn by the priests of Jupiter. 



Galeriiis. Galerius Valerius Maximianus, a 

 Roman emperor, was born of humble parentage, 

 near Sardica, in Dacia. Entering the imperial 

 army, he rose rapidly to the highest ranks. In 

 292 Diocletian conferred on him the title of Caesar, 

 and gave him his daughter in marriage. In 296-7 

 he conducted a campaign against the Persians, in 

 which, though not at first successful, he decisively 

 defeated their king, Narses. On the abdication of 

 Diocletian (305) he and Constantius Chlorus be- 

 came joint-rulers of the Roman empire, Galerius 

 taking the eastern half. When Constantius died 

 at York (306) the troops in Britain and Gaul im- 

 mediately transferred their allegiance to his son, 

 Constantine (afterwards Constantine the Great). 

 Galerius, however, retained possession of the east 

 till his death in 311. Galerius was a brave soldier 

 and a skilful commander ; but he is believed to have 

 forced Diocletian to issue his famous edict of perse- 

 cution against the Christians. 



Galesburg, a city of Illinois, 53 miles WNW. 

 of Peoria by rail, the centre of a rich agricultural 

 district. It has several foundries, machine-shops, 

 and agricultural manufactories, and is the seat of 

 the Lombard University ( Universalist, 1857) and 

 of Knox College (Congregational, 1841). Pop. 

 (1880) 11,437; (1890) 15,264; (1900)18,607. 



Galesville, a post-village of Wisconsin, 15 

 miles ENE. of Winona, witli a Methodist uni- 

 versity ( 1855 ). Pop. ( 1900 ) 862. 



GalgaCUS, the name Tacitus gives to the 

 Caledonian chief who offered a desperate resistance 

 to the northward march of Agricola (86 A.D.), and 

 was at length disastrously defeated in the great 

 battle of the Grampians. 



Galiani, FERDINANDO, an Italian writer on 

 political economy, was born in Chieti, in the 

 Neapolitan province of Abruzzo Citeriore, on 2d 

 December 1728. Although educated for the church, 

 his favourite studies were philosophy, history, 

 archaeology, and more especially political economy. 

 He early gained a reputation as a wit by the pub- 

 lication of a volume parodying, in a series of dis- 

 courses on the death of the public executioner, the 

 principal Neapolitan writers of the day. About 

 the same time he wrote his first work on political 

 economy, entitled Delia Moneta, the leading prin- 

 ciple of" which is that coin is a merchandise, and 

 that its value and interest ought to be left free, 

 as in other goods. His appointment as secretary 

 of legation at Paris in 1759 brought him into 

 contact with the Encyclopedists and the economic 

 writers of that capital. Five years later he pub- 

 lished Dialoghisul Commercio del Grano ( 'Dialogues 

 upon the Trade in Corn ' ), in which he argues 

 against both the extreme protectionists and the 

 pure free-traders. After his recall to Naples in 



