GALICIA 



GALILEE 







1769 lie liecame successively councillor of the 



trilmnul nf commerce iiml (1777) minister of the 

 ro\ ill domains. He died at Naples, 80th ' ctober 

 17*7. Sec his i 'iiriTs/iiiiiittiin-i \\ ith Mdine. h'Kpinav, 

 Holbach, Grimm, Diderot, &c. (1818; newed. 1881). 



4.;iliria. formerly a kingdom and afterwards a 

 province in tin- north-west of Spain, hounded N. 

 ami NV. ly the Atlantic, S. by I 'ordinal, and E. hy 



I ..... n and Astnrias, with an area of 11,340 sq. ra., 

 has been divided since 1833 into the minor pro- 

 vinces of Cortina, Lugo, Orense, and Pontevedra, 

 whose. joint population in 1896 was 1,919,846. The 

 country is mountainous, being traversed hy offsets 

 ot' the Asturian chain, rising in their highest peaks 

 to alnmt 6500 feet. The westernmost spurs, Capes 

 Ortr-al and Firiisterre, project into the Atlantic. 



riie numerous short hut rapid rivers form small 

 estuaries which afford secure havens and roads. 

 The principal river is the Minho, which, with its 

 feeder the Sil, is navigaMe for small vessels on its 

 lower course. Galicia is one of the most fruitful 

 portions of Europe, and has a mild, nourishing 

 climate; but agriculture is in a backward con- 

 dition, capital is scarce, roads are bad, and railways 

 are few. Rich meadows' and dense forests occur 

 everywhere, but the soil is more suited to the 

 cultivation of garden -produce than of corn. Mines 

 of lead, tin, copper, and iron pyrites are worked. 

 The inhabitants, called Gallegos, are a robust, 

 vigorous, industrious race. Great numbers of 

 them annually visit central and southern Spain 

 and Portugal, where they find employment as Har- 

 vesters, water-carriers, porters, &c. Chief exports, 

 live cattle, preserved meat, eggs, minerals, fish, 

 fruits, and grain ; imports, coal, oil, hides, spirits, 

 sugar, and tobacco. The principal towns are 

 Santiago di Compostella and the two strongly 

 fortified seaports Coruna.and Ferrol. Galicia was 

 a kingdom, under the Suevi from 411 to 585, and 

 again from 1060 to 1071, at which date it was 

 linally incorporated with Leon and Castile. 



(Polish Halicz), a crown-land belong- 

 ing to the Austrian monarchy, including the 

 former kingdoms of Galicia and Lodomeria, the 

 duchies of Auschwitz and Zator, and the grand- 

 duchy of Cracow, lies between the Carpathians on 

 the S. and Russian Poland on the N., and between 

 Silesia on the W. and Russia on the E. Area, 

 30,300 sq. m. ; pop. ( 1890) 6,607,816. With the ex- 

 ception of 230,000 Germans and 770,600 Jews, the 

 inhabitants are of Slavonic race, the western part of 

 Galicia being occupied mainly by Poles, the eastern 

 by^ Ruthenians. In religion about 2 millions, 

 mostly Ruthenians, belong to the Greek Church, 

 and nearly 2J millions, chieHy Poles, to the Roman 

 Catholic Church. The southern portion of the 

 country is a high terrace, Hanking the northern 

 face or the Carpathians. Thence the land slopes 

 away northwards, through a low hilly region, to 

 the deep plains of the Dniester and the Vistula. 

 There are many large rivers those in the west 

 being feeders of the Vistula, those in the east of 

 tin- Danube and Dniester. The climate of Galicia 

 i- colder than that of any other portion of the 

 Austrian empire, as it is freely exposed to the 

 north and north-east winds. " Yearly mean of 

 temperature at Lemberg, 46'4 F. ; mean of July, 

 66-9 ; of January, 25'2; annual rainfall, about 28 

 inches. The soil is for the most part fertile, and 

 produces oats, rye, and barley in sufficient quan- 

 tity for export. Wheat, flax, hemp, tobacco, and 

 oil plants are likewise cultivated. Fruit-gnjw- 

 ing and market-gardening are prosecuted, also 

 bee-keeping. Horses, cattle, and sheep are raised 

 in considerable numbers. Wolves and bears are 

 still found in the mountainous districts. One- 

 fourth of the surface is covered with forests, 



which yield large quantities of timber for export. 

 Suit is the moat important mineral. But coal, 

 iron ore, sulphur, lead, /inc. and petroleum 

 are also extracted. The annual product of the 

 petroleum springs is about 90,000 tons. There are 

 about thirty-five mineral springs, most of them 

 containing sulphur. The industries are few, and, 

 except the manufacture of cloth and the distilling 

 of brandy and of petroleum, not important. 

 Trade, however, chiefly in the hands of the Jews, 

 is pretty active. Lemberg and Cracow, the prin- 

 cipal towns, have each a university ; the former 

 is the capital of the crown-land. Galicia is ruled 

 by an Austrian governor and an independent 

 diet ; to the imperial diet it sends sixty-three 

 inemtars. Galicia takes its name from the old 

 fortress and town of Halicz, on the Dniester. 

 The original Slavonic inhabitants, the Ruthene-, 

 were in the 9th century conquered by the Russians 

 of Kieff. The western portion of the country was 

 dependent on Poland, and afterwards on Hungary. 

 In 1382 it was definitely restored to Poland, and 

 continued to belong to that country till the parti- 

 tion of 1772, when Galicia became one of the crown- 

 lands of Austria. In 1846 Cracow, with the terri- 

 tory belonging to it, was given up to the emperoi 

 of Austria, and by him (1849) annexed to the 

 crown-land of Galicia. 



Galicz. See HALICZ. 



Galignani, JOHN ANTHONY and WILLIAM, 

 Parisian publishers, were born in London, the 

 former 13th October 1796, the latter 10th March 

 1798. Their father, an Italian, founded an English 

 library at Paris in 1800, and there published an 

 English Monthly Repertory, and in 1814 the famous 

 newspaper, Galignani's Messenger. The Messenger 

 was much improved by his sons, who made it 

 an important medium for advocating cordiality 

 between England and France. The brothers founded 

 at Corbeil near Paris a hospital for distressed 

 Englishmen ; and in 1889 the Galignani Home for 

 decayed members of the printing^ and bookselling 

 trades was opened at Neuilly. The elder brother 

 died 30th December 1873, and the younger 12th 

 December 1882. 



Galilee ( Heb. Galil, a ' circle ' or ' circuit ' ), a 

 name latterly applied to one of the four Roman 

 divisions of Palestine, originally referred only to a 

 district of the tribe of Naphtali. In the time of our 

 Lord, Galilee embraced the whole northern portion 

 of Palestine from the Mediterranean to the Jordan. 

 The district was divided into Upper and Lower 

 Galilee, the former being hillv and well wooded, 

 the latter level and very fertile. At that time it 

 was mainly inhabited by Syrians, Pluenicians, 

 Arabs, and Greeks, with a few Jews. The prin- 

 cipal towns were Tiberias and Sepphoris ; those 

 that figure in the gospels are Cana, Capernaum, 

 Nazareth, and Nam. The Jewish inhabitants 

 were held in low estimation by their brethren in 

 Judrea, on account of their less rigid sentiments 

 in regard to religion. After the destruction of 

 Jerusalem the despised Galilee became the refuge 

 of the proud doctors of Jewish law, and the city of 

 Tiberias the seat of Rabbinical learning. The 

 ruins of many fine synagogues are still extant in 

 this region. Galilee now forms part of the pashalic 

 of Damascus, in the Turkish province or Syria, 

 and, as of yore, is remarkable for its beauty and 

 fertility. It still has a considerable number of 

 Jewish' inhabitants. See Dr S. Merrill, Galilee 

 in tin- Time. <>f Christ (newed. 1885). 



The SEA OF GALILEE, called also in the New 

 Testament the Lake of Gennesaret and the Sea of 

 Tiberias, and in the Old Testament the Sea of Chin- 

 nereth or Cinneroth, a large lake in the northern 

 half of Palestine. Lying 682 feet l>elow sea-level. 



