GALINGALE 



GALL 



61 



locutor, as one who was carele.-v, about scientific 

 mull, and \\lio timidly adhered to the rigid tradi- 

 tions of autii|iiity. In spin- of his seventy years 

 ami heavy infirmities Galileo was summoned lief ore 

 the Inquisition, and, after a wearisome trial and 

 incarceration, wax condemned to abjure liy oath on 

 liis knees the truths of his scientific creed. Since 

 the year 1761 a legend haw lieen current to the effect 

 that on concluding his recantation he exclaimed, 

 stf wee, 'E pur si niuove' (Nevertheless it does 

 move). The question whether lie was put to the 

 torture or no has given rise to a keen controversy, 

 in which neither side can justly claim to have 

 offered e\ idenee that is finally conclusive. He was 

 certainly subjected to the exttmen rigorosum, the 

 stage of which is actual torture. But the 

 official accounts of the trial make no mention of 

 this last stage having lieen reached. On the other 

 hand, it has been asserted that the records of his 

 trial have been tampered with. Galileo was further 

 sentenced to an indefinite term of imprisonment in 

 the dungeons of the Inquisition ; but this was 

 commuted by Pope Urban, at the request of Ferdi- 

 nand, Duke of Tuscany, into permission to reside at 

 Siena, and finally at Florence. In his retreat at 

 Arcetri, near Florence, he continued with unflagging 

 ardour his learned researches, even when hearing 

 grew enfeebled and sight was extinguished. Just 

 before he became totally blind, in 1637, he made 

 yet another astronomical discovery, that of the 

 moon's monthly and annual librations. He died on 

 the 8th of January 1642, and was interred in the 

 church of Santa Croce, the pantheon of Florence. 

 His disposition was genial; he enjoyed the social 

 wit and banter of his chosen friends ; and the 

 readiness with which he offered or accepted atone- 

 ment modified a somewhat irascible disposition. 

 The great deficiencies in his character were a want 

 of tact to keep out of difficulties, and a want of 

 moral courage to defend himself when involved 

 in them. His biting satirical tongue, more than 

 liis physical discoveries, was the cause of his mis- 

 fortunes. He loved art, and cultivated especially 

 music and poetry. Ariosto he knew almost by 

 hea:-t, and appreciated keenly the beauties of 

 this classic. Tasso, on the other hand, he unduly 

 depreciated, and severely criticised him in Conaide- 

 razioni al Tasso. His own style is nervous, flowing, 

 and elegant. In addition to the discoveries and 

 inventions already recorded we owe to the genius 

 of Galileo the formulation of the law of uniformly 

 accelerated motion in the case of bodies falling freely 

 towards the earth, the determination of the para- 

 bolic path of projectiles, the theory of virtual 

 velocities, and the law that all bodies, even invisible 

 ones like air, have weight. The best edition of 

 Galileo's collected works is that by Alberi (16 vols. 

 Flor. 1842-56). 



See Viviani's Life of Galileo (1654); Henri Martin's 

 OaliUe ( 1868 ) ; H. de I'Epinois in Revue des Questions 

 /li*/riques (1867), and Les Pieces da Proces de Galilee 

 1877 ) ; Gebler, Galileo und die RSmitche Curie (1876); 

 -i, Copernieo e Sistema Copernicano, and II Procetmo 

 iledi Galileo (1876); Wohlwill. 1st Galilei ' yefoltert 

 1 (1877); Favaro, Galileo Galilei (2 vols. Flor. 

 ; Wegg-Prosser, Galileo and his Judges ( 1889). 



Galillgalc, a name often applied to the tubers 



Gypenu /,,,n/t/.s, and sometimes to the whole 



plant. The tubers are of ancient medicinal repute, 



and are sometimes still eaten as a vegetable in 



Greece. See CYPERUS. 



Gallon, a city of Crawford county, Ohio, at 

 the junction of several railways, 58 miles N. by 

 E. of Columbus, with several' cigar-factories and 

 machine-shops, two railroad -shops, and a foundry. 

 Pop. (1880) 5635 ; ( 1900) 7282. 



Galipea. See ANGOSTURA BARK. 



Galitzin, also GALLITZIN, GALYZIN, or GOLY- 



7.1 N, one of the most powerful and distinguished 

 Russian families, whose memhen, too numerous to 

 catalogue, have been equally prominent in war and 

 diplomacy from the 16th century downward-. 

 VASIM, surnamed the Great, born in 1643, wax 

 the councillor and favourite of Sophia, the sinter of 

 Peter the Great, and regent during his minority. 

 His great aim was to bring Russia into contact 

 with the west of Europe, and to encourage the arts 

 and sciences in Russia. His design to marry 

 Sophia, and plant himself on the Russian throne, 

 miscarried. Sophia was placed by her brother in 

 a convent, and Vasili banished 0689) to a sjxit 

 on the Frozen Ocean, where in 1714 he died. 

 DIMITRI (17351803), Russian ambassador to 

 France and Holland and intimate friend of 

 Voltaire and Diderot, and the Encyclopaedist*, 

 owes the preservation of his name mainly to his 

 wife, the celebrated AMALIE, PRINCESS GALITZIN 

 (1746-1806), daughter of the Prussian general, 

 Count von Schmettau. She was remarkable for 

 her literary culture, her grace and amiability of 

 disposition, her sympathetic relations with scholars 

 and poets, but, above all, for her ardent piety, which 

 found in Catholicism its most congenial sphere. 

 Having separated from her husband, she took up 

 her residence in Miinster, where she gathered round 

 her a circle of learned companions, including for 

 a longer or shorter time Jacobi, Hemsterhuis, 

 Hamann, and Count Stolberg. DIMITRI AUGUS- 

 TINE, son of the foregoing, was born at the Hague, 

 December 22, 1770. Heoecame a Roman Catholic 

 in his seventeenth year ; and, through the influence 

 exercised over him by a clerical tutor during a 

 voyage to America, he resolved to devote himself 

 to the priesthood. In 1795 he was ordained a 

 priest in the United States by Bishop Can-oil of 

 Baltimore, and betook himself to a bleak region 

 among the Alleghany Mountains, in Pennsyl- 

 vania, where he was known as ' Father Smith ' 

 ( Smith being originally a corruption of Schmettau ). 

 Here he laid the foundation of a town, called 

 Loretto, where he died 6th May 1841. He declined 

 to return to Russia on his father's death, and as a 

 Catholic priest was adjudged to have lost his right 

 of inheritance. He was for some years vicar-general 

 of the diocese of Philadelphia. He was austere in 

 his mode of life, but liberal in the highest degree 

 to others, and an affectionate and indefatigable 

 pastor. He wrote various controversial works, 

 including a Defence of Catholic Principles (1816), 

 Letter to a Protestant Friend ( 1820), and Appeal to 

 the Protestant Public (1834). See the Lives by 

 Heyden and by Brownson. 



Galium. See BEDSTRAW. 



Gall. A synonym for Bile (q.v.), the secretion 

 of the Liver (q.v.). See also GALLS. 



Gall, FRANZ JOSEPH, the founder of phreno- 

 logy, was born at Tiefenbronn, near Pforzheim, on 

 the borders of Baden and Wlirtemberg, 9th March 

 1758. He studied medicine at Strasburg and 

 Vienna, and settled in the latter city in 1785 

 as a physician. From his boyhood he had been 

 attracted by the problems arising out of the rela- 

 tions between the powers of mind, the functions 

 of the brain, and the external characters of the 

 cranium. In 1796 he began to give courses of 

 lectures on Phrenology (q.v.) in Vienna; but the 

 lectures were prohibited in 1802 by the Austrian 

 government as being subversive of the accepted 

 religion. Along with Spur/heim (q.v.), who be- 

 came his associate in 1804, Gall quitted Vienna in 

 1805, and began a lecturing tour through Germany, 

 Holland, Sweden, and Switzerland. He reached 

 the height of his fame when in 1807 he settled as a 

 physician in Paris. On 14th March 1808 he and 



