62 



GALL 



GALLATIN 



Spurzheim presented to the Institute of France a 

 memoir of their discoveries, on which a committee 

 of the members of that body (including Pinel, 

 Portal, and Cuvier) drew up an unfavourable 

 Report. Thereupon Gall and Spurzheim published 

 their memoir, Introduction au Cours de Physiologie 

 du Cerveau ; this was subsequently followed by 

 Recherches sur le Systeme Nerveux (1809), and 

 by Anatomic et Physiologie du Systeme Nerveux 

 (4 vols. 1810-19), with an atlas' of 100 plates. 

 But, the two phrenologists having parted in 1813, 

 the name of Gall alone is prefixed to vols. 3 and 4 ; 

 and it alone is borne by a reprint of the physio- 

 logical portion of the work, entitled Sur les Fonc- 

 tions du Cerveau, et sur cedes de chacune de ses 

 Parties (6 vols. 1825). In 1811, in answer to 

 accusations of materialism and fatalism brought 

 against his system, Gall published Des Dispositions 

 Innces de I'Ame et de V Esprit. He continued to 

 practise medicine and pursue his researches at 

 Moritrouge, near Paris, till his death, 22d August 

 1828. 



Gall, ST. See ST GALL. 



4.all;iil. Louis, a Belgian historical painter, 

 was born at Tournay in 1812, and made himself 

 famous by pictures on subjects from the history of 

 the Low Countries, such as 'The Abdication of 

 Charles V.' (1841 ), ' Alva viewing the dead bodies 

 of Egmont and Horn ' ( 1851 ), and ' The Plague of 

 Tournay '( 1882), which last the Brussels Museum 

 purchased for 4800. He died 18th November 

 1887. 



Galland, ANTOINE, a French orientalist and 

 archaeologist, was born 4th April 1646, at Rollot, 

 near Montdidier, in Picardy. Attached in 1670 to 

 the French embassy at Constantinople, he three 

 years later accompanied the ambassador De Nointel 

 to Syria and the Levant. In 1676, and again in 

 1679, he made other visits to the East, where he 

 gathered valuable collections of antiquities, and 

 acquired a good knowledge of oriental languages. 

 In 1701 he was made a member of the Academic des 

 Inscriptions, and in 1709 professor of Arabic in the 

 College de France. He died at Paris, 19th February 

 1715. The greatest part of Galland's writings relate 

 to archjeological subjects, especially to the numis- 

 matics of the East ; but the work which has 

 secured him the greatest reputation is his transla- 

 tion of the Arabian Nights in 12 vols. (Les Mille et 

 Une Nuits, Paris, 1704-8), the first translation of 

 these stories made into any language of Christen- 

 dom (see ARABIAN NIGHTS). Among his other 

 writings we may mention Paroles Remarquables, 

 Bons Mots, et Maximes des Orientaux (1694), and 

 Les Contes et Fables Indiennes de Bidpdi et de 

 Lokman (2 vols. 1724). See also Journal d'An toine 

 Gotland pendant son sfjour a Constantinople, 1672- 

 73, edited by Ch. Schefer (2 vols. 1881). 



Galla Ox, or SANGA, a remarkable species or 

 variety of ox inhabiting Abyssinia. The chief 

 peculiarity is the extraordinary size of the horns, 

 which rise from the forehead with an outward and 

 then an inward curve, producing a very perfect 

 figure of a lyre, and finally curve a little outwards 

 at the tip, to which they taper gradually. 



(alias, a race of people inhabiting that part of 

 Africa which lies to the south and west of Harar 

 and south of Shoa, between 9 and 3 S. lat. and 

 34 and 44 E. long. Their racial affinities are not 

 yet conclusively settled ; the best authorities 

 regard them as belonging to the Ethiopic branch 

 of the Hamites, and their language as a descendant 

 of the ancient Geez of Abyssinia. Individually 

 they are of average stature, with strong, well-made 

 limbs, skin of a light chocolate brown, hair frizzled 

 but not woolly. Though cruel in war, they are 

 of frank disposition, and faithfully keep their pro- 



mises and obligations. They are distinguished for 

 their energy, both physical and mental, especially 

 those tribes, to the south and south-west, which 

 pursue pastoral avocations, notably the breeding of 

 horses, asses, sheep, cattle, and camels, and those 

 which live by hunting, especially the elephant. 

 These same tribes are mostly still heathens, though 

 Mohammedanism is rapidly making way amongst 

 them. The more northerly tribes who dwell about 

 Harar profess a crass form of Christianity, derived 

 from Abyssinia, and for the most part practise 

 agriculture, raising cotton, durra, sugar, and 

 cofl'ee. The total Galla population, who call them- 

 selves Argatta or Oromo, is approximative!}' 

 estimated by Reclus at 3 millions ; the northern 

 tribes are put by Paulitschke at 1 million. 

 Politically they are divided into a great number 

 of separate tribes (Itu, Arussi, Nole, Jarsso, Ala, 

 Ennia, Walamo, Borana, &c. ), which are fre- 

 quently at war with one another. But their inveter- 

 ate century-long foes are the Somali on the north- 

 east and east, who have gradually driven back the 

 Gallas from the shores of the Red Sea and the 

 extremities of the Somali peninsula, regions which 

 were occupied by them in the 16th century, just as 

 on the other side the Abyssinjans and Shoans have 

 beaten them back southwards. The country they 

 now inhabit is, generally. speaking, a plateau that 

 slopes south-eastward to the Indian Ocean, and has 

 a hilly, well-timbered surface. On the north, from 

 Harar to the Hawash, stretches the watershed 

 dividing the rivers that flow to the Red Sea and 

 Gulf of Aden from those that drain south-eastwards 

 to the Indian Ocean, and culminating in two lime- 

 stone massifs ( 7250 feet ), called Concuda and Gara 

 Mulata. The watershed separating the rivers 

 Webi (with its tributary the Erer) and Wabi (also 

 called Juba), which flow south-east to the Indian 

 Ocean, from the feeders of the Upper Nile region, 

 skirts the western side of the Galla territory. This 

 region, with plenty of rains and running streams, a 

 rolling surface diversified with hill-chains, and 

 abundant vegetation, is well cultivated, and yields 

 wheat, barley, beans, sorghum, sweet potatoes, 

 flax, lentils, cotton, and coffee. Its average eleva- 

 tion is 7200 feet. Amongst all the western tribes 

 inhabiting this region slavery is a recognised 

 institution. See Paulitschke, Ethnographic und 

 Anthropologie der Somal, Galla, und Harari 

 (Leip. 1886'j, and in Globus, 1889, and Cecchi, Fro, 

 Zeila alle Fronticre del Caff a (2 vols. Rome, 1885). 

 Gallatill, ALBERT, financier and statesman, 

 was born at Geneva in 1761, and graduated at the 

 university there in 1779. In 1780 he went to the 

 United States, and was for a time teacher of French 

 in Harvard College. In 1786 he removed to Penn- 

 sylvania, became a member of the state legislature, 

 and in 1793 he was elected to the United States 

 senate, but was declared ineligible. From 1795 to 

 1801 he served in the house of representatives, 

 and from 1801 to 1813 he was Secretary of the 

 Treasury, in which post he was of signal service 

 to his adopted country, and showed himself one of 

 the first financiers of his day. He took an im- 

 portant part in the negotiations for peace with 

 England in 1814, and signed the treaty of Ghent. 

 From 1815 to 1823 he was minister at Paris, and 

 in 1826 he was sent to London as ambassador- 

 extraordinary. On his return in 1827 he settled 

 in New York, and devoted much of his time to 

 literature, being chiefly occupied in historical and 

 ethnological researches. He was one of the 

 founders and the first president of the Ethno- 

 logical Society of America ; and from 1843 to his 

 death he was president of the New York Historical 

 Society. He died August 12, 1849. His works 

 include publications on finance, politics, and eth- 

 nology ; among these last are TJie Indian Tribes 



