GALLAUDET 



GALLEY 



63 





ea.it of the Rocky Mountains, &c. (1830), and Note* 

 on tne Semi-civilised Nations of Mexico, Yin-titan, 

 mil < ',nt ml America (1845). See the Lives by 

 Henry Adams (1879) and J. A. Stevens (in the 

 ' American Statesman ' series, IHH.'J). 



(.allaudrt. See I >i: \i AND DUMB. 



<..ill-hl.i<ll< r. See Li\ BR. 



<-all'. or POINT DK GALLE, a fortified town 

 and seaport of the south-west extremity of the 

 island of Ceylon, stands on a low rocky promontory 

 of the same name, and has a good harbour, formed 

 by a small lay. It has lost its former importance 

 Baling and transhipping station for tne great 

 lines of steamers from Europe to Australia and 

 China since the completion of the breakwater at 

 Colombo (q.v.). It is the capital of the southern 

 province of Ceylon. Pop. (1881) 31,743; (1891) 

 33,505. See CEYLON. 



(allr Ifo. a river of Spain, one of the principal 

 alllnents of the EBRO (q.v.). 



Galleon ( Spanish ), a large ship formerly used 

 by the Spaniards to carry home tne gold, silver, 

 and other wealth contributed by the Mexican and 

 South American colonies. 'They were armed, and 

 bad usually three or four decks, with bulwarks 

 three or four feet thick, and stem and stern built 

 up high like castles. They had a particular fascin- 

 ation for Drake and other Elizabethan rovers, who 

 so contrived that many of them never reached the 

 ports of Spain. 



Gallery, a word with several applications in 

 architecture. A long passage or corridor is called 



gallery. A long room, such as is frequently 

 1 for exhibiting pictures ; a raised floor in any 

 ipartment, supported on pillars ; a long passage in 

 .he thickness of the wall, or supported on canti- 

 levers (as the Whispering Gallery of St Paul's) 

 all these are called galleries. They were of fre- 

 uent use in buildings of the middle ages. The 

 roodloft (see ROOD) is a gallery running across a 

 church at the entrance to the choir, and supporting 

 a large cross. Organ gcilleries are also frequent, 

 either in the position of the roodloft, or at one end 

 of the nave or transept, or corbelled out from the 

 side- wall. In old baronial halls the end next the 

 door was usually screened off as an entrance 

 passage, and above the screen was almost invari- 

 ably a gallery for musicians. In Scottish castles 

 such a gallery was frequently constructed in the 

 thickness of the wall. In the older German and 

 French churches the side-aisles were divided into 

 two stories the upper forming a gallery said to be 

 for the exclusive use of the women. The arrange- 

 ment of galleries in tiers one over the other, now so 

 much used in churches, theatres, &c., is entirely 

 modern, dating from the 17th century. For gal- 

 leries in the military and mining connection, see 



M I N !>. 



lley, a long, narrow row-boat, carrying a sail 

 r two. But dependent for safety and movement 

 mainly upon oars. These boats were called gal leys, 

 galleots, and brigantines (or frigates) according to 

 their -i/,. : a galleot is a small galley, while a 

 brigantine is still smaller. The number of men 

 to -aeh oar varied according to the vessel's size : a 

 galley had four to six men working side by side to 

 each oar, a galleot but two or three, and a brigan- 

 tine one. A galley was 180 or 190 spans (of 9 to 10 

 inches) long, and its greatest beam was 25 spans 

 broad. Such a vessel carried two masts the 

 albero maestro or mainmast, and the trinchetto or 

 foremast, each with a great lateen sail. The 

 Genoese and Venetians set the models of these 

 vessels, and the Italian terms were generally used 

 in all European navigation till the northern nations 

 took the lead in sailing ships. These sails were 



often clewed up, however, for the mariner of the 

 16th century watt ill practised in the art of tacking, 

 and very fearful of losing sight of land for long, HO 

 that unless he had a wind fair astern he preferred 

 to trust to his oars. A short deck at the prow and 

 poop served, the one to carry the fighting men and 

 trumpeters and yardsmen, and to provide cover for 

 the four guns ; the other to accommodate the 

 knights and gentlemen, and cs]>ecially the admiral 

 or captain, lietween the two decks, in the ship's 

 waist, was the propelling power say fifty-four 

 benches or banks, twenty-seven a side, supporting 

 each four or five slaves, whose whole business in 

 life was to tug at the fifty-four oars. If a Christian 

 vessel, the rowers were either Turkish or Moorish 

 captives, or Christian convicts ; if a Barbary cor- 

 sair, the rowers would all be Christian prisoners. 



Sometimes a galley-slave worked as long as twenty 

 yeai*s, sometimes for all his miserable life, at this 

 fearful calling. The poor creatures were chained 

 so close together on their narrow bench that they 

 could not sleep at full length. Sometimes seven 

 men (on French galleys, too, in the 18th century) 

 had to live and sleep in a space 10 feet by 4. Between 

 the two lines of rowers ran the bridge, and on it 

 stood two boatswains armed with long whips, which 

 they laid on to the bare backs of the rowers with 

 merciless severity. Biscuit was made to last six 

 or eight months, each slave getting 28 onm-e^ 

 thrice a week, and a spoonful of some mess of rice 

 or bones or green stuff. The water-cans under the 

 benches were too often foul. The full complement 

 of a large galley included, besides 270 rowers and 

 the captain, chaplain, doctor, scrivener, boatswains, 

 and master or pilot, ten or fifteen gentlemen adven- 

 turers, friends of the captain, sharing his mess, and 

 berthed in the poop, twelve helmsmen, six foretop 

 able-bodied seamen, ten warders for the captives, 

 twelve ordinary seamen, four gunners, a carpen- 

 ter, smith, cooper, and a couple of cooks, together 

 with fifty or sixty soldiers, so that the whole equi- 

 page of a fighting galley must have reached a 

 total of about four hundred men. 



What is true of a European galley is also gener- 

 ally applicable to a Barbary galleot of eighteen to 

 twenty-four oars, except that the latter was gener- 

 ally smaller and lighter, and had commonly but one 

 mast and no castle on the prow. The crew of alnmt 

 two hundred men was very densely packed, and 

 about one hundred soldiers armed with muskets, 

 bows, and scimitars occupied the poop. The rowers 

 on Barbary galleys were generally Christian slaves 

 belonging to the owners, but when these were not 

 numerous enough other slaves, or Arabs and Moors, 

 were hired. The complement of soldiers, whether 

 volunteers or Ottoman janissaries, varied with the 

 vessel's size, but generally was calculated at two 

 to each oar, because there was just room for two 

 men to sit beside each bank of rowers. They were 

 not paid unless they took a prize, nor were they 

 supplied with anything more than biscuit, vinegar, 

 and oil everything else they found themselves. 

 Vinegar and water with a few drops of oil on the 

 surface formed the chief drink of the galley-slaves, 

 and their food was moistened biscuit or rusk and 

 an occasional mess of gruel. 



A galleass was originally a large, heavy galley, 

 three-masted, and fitted with a rudder, since its 

 bulk compelled it to trust to sails as well as oars. 

 It was a sort of transition-ship Itetween the galley 

 and the galleon, and as time went on it Wame 

 more and more of a sailing ship. It had high 

 bulwarks with loopholes for muskets, and there 

 was at least a partial cover for the crew. The 

 Portuguese galleys in the Spanish Armada mounted 

 each 110 soldiers and 222 galley-slaves; but the 

 Neapolitan galleasses carried 700 men, of \vln>..i 

 130 were sailors. 27<) soldiers, and 300 slaves of the 



