64 



GALL-FLY 



GALLICAN CHURCH 



oar. In France the convict galleys were super- 

 seded in 1748 by the Bagnes (q.v. ). John Knox 

 had for eighteen months to labour at the oar, and 

 St Vincent de Paul (q.v.) did much for the galley- 

 slaves. See also TRIREME, SHIPBUILDING. 



Furttenbach, Archilectura Navalis ; S. Lane-Poole, 

 The Barbary Corsairs ( ' Story of the Nations ' ) ; and M. 

 Oppenheim, in Gentleman's Magazine ( 1885 ). 



Gall-fly, or GALL- WASP, names generally applied 

 to any member of a large family (Cynipidse) of 

 Hymenopterous insects, most of the females of which 

 lay their eggs in plants and by the associated irrita- 

 tion produce galls. The insects are not unlike 

 little wasps, with straight, thread-like antennae, 

 laterally compressed abdomen, and long wings. 

 The eggs are laid in the 

 leaves, twigs, roots, &c. 

 of plants, which the 

 mothers pierce with 

 their ovipositors. The 

 irritation of the wound 

 and of the intruded and 

 rapidly developing eggs 

 results in pathological 

 excrescences or galls. 

 Within these the larvae 

 feed and grow, and 

 either eat their way out 

 while still grubs or re- 

 main till the pvipa stage 

 is past and emerge as 

 adolescent insects. A 

 gall may contain a 

 single egg and larva or 

 many, and both exter- 

 nal form and internal 

 structure vary widely. 



Each gall-fly has its favourite or exclusive host, 

 and usually restricts its egg-laying to some special 

 part of the plant. While most produce true galls, 

 some members of the family act like cuckoos and 

 utilise galls already formed by other genera. Others 

 again depart more widely from the general habit 

 and deposit their ova in other insects. The genera 

 Cynips, Aphilotrix, Andricus, Neuroterus, Spathe- 

 gaster, Biorhi/a all form galls on oaks ; Khodites 

 is the cause of mossy excrescences on rose bushes. 

 Among those which utilise already formed galls 

 Synergus and Aulax are important genera ; while 

 Ibalia, Figites, Eucoila, and the minute species of 

 Allotria are in their youth parasitic on other insects 

 such as Hies and plant-lice. 



The reproductive relations of gall-flies are very 

 interesting : in many cases parthenogenesis un- 

 doubtedly occurs ; in some species e.g. of Rhodites, 

 no males have ever been found ; in other forms the 



Fig. 1. Bedeguar Gall of 

 Wild .Rose. 



Fig. 2. 



a, oak gall produced by Cynips quercus-folii ; b, section 

 of gall; c, gall-insect (Cynips qucrcus-folii). 



males when they occur are very few in proportion 

 to the females. It must be emphasised that many 

 gall- wasps distinguished by entomologists as sepa- 



rate species or even referred to different genera 

 have turned out to be the parthenogenetic and the 

 sexual forms of one species. A common life-history 

 is as follows : (a) Out of a summer-gall male and 

 female forms emerge; (b) the females lay their 

 fertilised eggs and give origin to winter-galls in so 

 doing; (c) from these winter-galls there arise par- 

 thenogenetic females which in their egg-laying 

 produce the summer-galls from which we started. 



Among the common gall-wasps Cynips quercus- 

 folii makes the cherry-galls of oak leaves ; C. 

 tinctoria produces the well-known ink-gall of the 

 Levantine oak ; Rhodites rosce forms the curious 

 and familiar ' Bedeguar ' (q. v. ) on wild roses. 



See GALLS, INK, INSECTS, PARTHENOGENESIS. For the 

 life-histories, see Adler, Zcitsch. f. wiss. Zool. ( 1881 ), and 

 his Alternating Generations: a Study of Gall-flies (trans. 

 1894); Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5th 

 series, vol. viii. ) ; Bassett, Canad. Entomolor/ist ( 1873-75, 

 p. 91 ) ; "W. K. Brooks, Heredity (Baltimore, 1883). 



Galliard, the name of a lively dance, the same, 

 according to Brossard, as the RomanescM, a favourite 

 dance with the Italians. The air is mostly in | or 

 f time, but sometimes also in \ or \ time. The 

 tempo is also quick and lively, with a flowing 

 melody. Many galliard tunes are still extant, 

 distinguished by such names as The King of Den- 

 mark's Galliard, The Earl of Essex's Galliard, and 

 the like. The word is due to the Spanish gallarda, 

 of dubious origin ; Diez refuses to connect it witli 

 gala and gallant (Span, galante] on account of the 

 double / arid the French form gaillard, itself most 

 likely of Celtic origin. 



Gallic Acid, HC 7 H 5 O,5,H 2 O, is an acid which 

 exists in small quantity in gall-nuts, in valonia 

 (the acorn-cup of Quercus cegilops), in divi-divi 

 (the pod of Cccsalpinia coriaria], in sumach, and 

 other vegetables. It is usually prepared from gall- 

 nuts, which, in addition to gallic acid, contain a 

 large proportion of tannin (tannic acid or gallo- 

 tannic acid). When the gall-nuts are digested 

 with water for some weeks fermentation takes 

 place, and the tannic acid is gradually converted 

 into gallic acid. The same result is obtained more 

 quickly if sulphuric acid be present. To obtain 

 pure gallic acid the gall-nuts are boiled with water, 

 and the hot liquor separated. On cooling gallic 

 acid crystallises out, and is further purified by 

 solution in hot water and treatment with animal 

 charcoal. 



It forms delicate, silky, acicular crystals, nearly 

 colourless, and having a sourish taste. It is soluble 

 in 3 parts of boiling water, but only in 100 of cold 

 water, and on this account it can be readily puri- 

 fied by recrystallisation. With solution of iron 

 salts (ferric) it produces a blue-black colour, and 

 finally yields a black precipitate on exposure to the 

 air. Hence it may be used in the production of 

 ink, for which purpose it has some advantages over 

 tannin or gall-nuts. When the crystals are strongly 

 heated pyrogallic acid is produced and sublimes 

 over. Gallic acid is a useful astringent. As it 

 does not coagulate albumen it is readily absorbed 

 into the blood, and in this way it is efficacious in 

 Bright's disease. Where a decided local astringent 

 effect is desired tannic acid is much more powerful. 



Galilean Churcll, the designation applied to 

 the Catholic Church in France, in respect of the 

 more or less independent attitude which it formerly 

 occupied toward the Roman see. 



Flourishing Christian communities already ex- 

 isted at Lyons and Vienne at the time of the 

 persecution' under Marcus Aurelius, when the aged 

 bishop Pothinus was martyred (177). The origin 

 of these churches is traced principally to Asia 

 Minor, where Irensens (q.v.) was born, and they 

 were in intimate connection with Smyrna and 

 other churches of the East. The historian Gregory 



