66 



GALLIENUS 



GALLIPOLI 



the crown. The last of these 'customs,' as also 

 those which make the receiving or not receiving the 

 general canons of discipline optional in France, and 

 which practically throw the decision into the hands 

 of the civil power, have been with much show of 

 reason denominated the ' Slaveries ' rather than 

 the ' Liberties ' of the Gallican Church. 



This Declaration was strenuously enforced for 

 the next ten years by Louis XIV. It was condemned 

 by Pope Alexander VIII. in 1690, by Clement 

 XI. in 1706, and again by Pius VI. in 1794 ; but 

 both the acceptance of the articles and their con- 

 demnation were understood to be with certain 

 reservations. The Gallican Church underwent 

 very extensive modifications at the close of the 

 18th and the beginning of the 19th century. 

 The enactment in 1790 of the ' civil constitution 

 of the clergy ' introduced a large infusion of the 

 democratic element. The church was first secu- 

 larised, and then swept away, till Bonaparte, as 

 First Consul, restored it in a fresh concordat with 

 the pope (1801). Yet the conflict with Rome 

 still continued, and in 1810 a decree of the emperor 

 made the declarations of 1682 once more the law of 

 France. Pius VII. was forced by circumstances to 

 enter into the concordat of Fontainebleau (1813), 

 in which his right to the institution of bishops was 

 not recognised, but on the advice of his cardinals 

 his acceptance of this treaty was speedily recalled. 

 After the Restoration the king agreed to a new 

 concordat with the pope (1817), superseding the 

 agreement of 1801, and returning to that of 1516; 

 but this ' ghost of the past ' found little favour 

 with the French people, and in 1826 was met by a 

 solemn declaration of all the bishops that they 

 still adhered to the propositions of 1682. In 1830 

 the relations of church and state were again revised, 

 and the freedom of all confessions was declared. 

 The constitution of 4th November 1848 guaranteed 

 payment by the state to the clergy of all religions 

 recognised by the state then or at a later time. 

 Under the Second Empire the influence of Rome 

 steadily increased, spite of the ambiguous attitude 

 of the emperor. 



Within the 19th century the opinions of the 

 French clergy underwent a decided change. The 

 Gallican doctrines were much less commonly held, 

 and in a less extreme form, and fell into great 

 discredit with the church party. The climax of 

 this reaction was seen in the conduct of the French 

 bishops at the Vatican Council (1869-70), in which 

 a great body of them were foremost in renouncing 

 the Gallican articles and accepting the doctrine of 

 papal infallibility ; and even those who, like Bishop 

 Dupanloup of Orleans, contended for the opposite 

 view, in the end acquiesced in the decision of the 

 majority. In France at the present day the old 

 theological divergences seem to have passed out 

 of view in presence of the conflict between the 

 modern state and Ultramontanism. 



The chief authorities are Pithou, Les Libertes de 

 Vtiyhse Gallicane (ir>94, 2 vols. fol. 1639); Dupuy, 

 Preuves des Libertes de V&ilise Gallicane (1638); and 

 Bossuet, Defensio Declarationis (Luxemburg, 2 vols. 

 1730; French trans. 2 vols. Paris, 1735). See also De 

 Maistre, De VEiilise Gallicane and Du Pape (2 vols. 

 1820); Dupin, Les Libertes de I'Eylise Gallicane (Paris, 

 1824; new ed. 1860); Bordas-Demoulin, Les Pouvoirs 

 Constitutifs de VEglise ( 1855 ) ; Huet, Le Gallicanisme, son 

 passe, set situation prtsente (1855) ; Puyol, Etudes sur la 

 Renovation du Gallicanisme (2 vols. 1876) ; W. H. 

 Jervis, History of the Church of France from the Con- 

 cordat of Bologna, 1516 A.D., to the Revolution (2 vols. 

 L-ind. 1872), and its sequel, The Gallican Church and 

 the Revolutio-i (1882). 



GallienilS, PUBLIUS LICINIUS, Roman emperor 

 from 260 to 268 A. D. His father, Valerian, had made 

 Mm co-regent with himself in 253, but his reign 

 ended when he was taken prisoner by the Persians 



seven years later. The authority of Gallienus was 

 limited almost entirely to Italy, for throughout the 

 provinces the legions for the most part revolted, 

 and raised their commanders to the dignity of 

 Caesars. Hence the period is known in history as 

 the Time of the Thirty Tyrants. In the East the 

 honour of the Roman arms was maintained by 

 Aurelian, Probus, and others, who found a useful 

 ally in Odenathus, ruler of Palmyra, and his wife 

 Zenobia, to whom Gallienus entrusted the care of 

 the war against the Persians. In the West, how- 

 ever, dangers thickened about him. Aureolus was 

 proclaimed emperor by the legions of Illyricum, 

 and, having marched into Italy, he seized Milan, and 

 proceeded towards Rome. The war between the 

 two was carried on for some time with undecided 

 success, but Gallienus, while besieging his adversary 

 in Mediolanum (Milan), was murdered by some 

 of his officers, 268 A.D. He was succeeded by 

 Claudius II. 



Gallinaceous Birds (Lat. gallus, 'a cock'), 

 or RASORES ( Lat. , ' scrapers ' ), an old order of birds, 

 including the Fowls, Sand-grouse, Hemipods e.g. 

 Turnex, and often also the Pigeons. The title 

 Gallinse is often still used to include the pheasant 

 family ( Phasianidae ), the grouse (Tetraonidae), the 

 sand-grouse (Pteroclida?), the Turnicida?, the 

 mound-makers (Megapodiidse), the curassows and 

 guans (Cracidfe), the Tinamous (Tinamidse), alto- 

 gether over 400 species and about fourscore genera, 

 and including forms of high antiquity. Interesting 

 analogies have been pointed out between this order 

 of birds and the order of Ruminants among Mam- 

 mals, in the complexity of the digestive organs, 

 bulkiness of the frame, low intelligence, easy 

 domestication, usefulness to man, and proneness 

 to variation from the influence of external cir- 

 cumstances, giving rise to different breeds. See 

 POULTRY, GROUSE, PHEASANT. 



Gallinule. See WATER-HEN. 



Gallio, JUNIUS ANN^EUS, the Roman pro- 

 consul of Achaia under Claudius when St Paul 

 was at Corinth, 53 A.D. He was brother of the 

 famous Seneca, and had procured his name by 

 adoption into the family of Gallio the rhetorician. 

 He resigned the government of Achaia owing to ill- 

 health, and later is said to have been put to death 

 by Nero. The narrative in the Acts tells how, 

 with regard to the clamour of the Jews against 

 Paul, he was 'not minded to be a judge of these 

 matters,' and how 'Gallic cared for none of these 

 things;' hence his name has become a synonym 

 for a careless, easy-going, and indifferent man 

 who keeps himself free from trouble and responsi- 

 bility. 



Galliot, a Dutch vessel carrying a main and 

 a mizzen mast, and a large gaff-mainsail. Galliots 

 strong-built, flat-bottomed ships of 400 to 500 

 tons burden, were formerly used also as bomb- 

 vessels. The word is ultimately a diminutive of 

 Low Lat. galea, ' a galley. ' 



Gallip'oli (the Kallipolis of the Greeks), a 

 town of Southern Italy, is built on a steep insu- 

 lated rock in the Gulf of Taranto, connected with 

 the mainland by a bridge, and is 59 miles by rail S. 

 of Brindisi. The harbour is protected by a mole 

 and fortified. The town contains a handsome 

 cathedral, and is remarkable for its oil-tanks, 

 excavated in the solid rock, in which olive-oil is 

 deposited for exportation. Pop. 8083. 



Gallipoli, a seaport of Turkey, on the penin- 

 sula of the same name (the ancient Thracian Cher- 

 sonesus), at the north-eastern extremity of the 

 Dardanelles, 90 miles S. of Adrianople, and 130 

 WSW. of Constantinople. The ancient Kallipolis, 

 of which some ruins remain, it was formerly the 



