GALLIPOT 



GALLOWAY 



67 



bri 



, 



Important commercial town on the Hellespont, 

 and still n>tiiin> considerable trade. There an- two 



liiirliinirs, extensive ha/.aars, and some manufar- 

 tures. Calhpoli i> the headquarters of the Turkish 

 Meet, and tin- >";it of a Greek bishop, and contains 

 numerous mosques and fountains. The population 

 is slight Iv o\er ir>,(KX). The town was taken by 

 tin- Turks in I :}.">( i, and formed their earliest Euro- 

 pean |io>se-MMii ; and here the allies disembarked 

 during the Crimean war. 



<.alli|ol. the name given to a pot painted arid 

 gla/ed, i-oninioiilv used for me<licine. The word is 

 a i-i irruption of tlie Old Dutch i//i'i//wt, and already 

 appears in Beaumont and Fletcher, gley being the 

 same as the North Kriesic <//>/, 'shining,' and 

 ruinate \\ith Ger. <//nt( and Eng. glad. 



<.allit/in. See GALITZIN. 



<. alii lllll (sym. Ga, eq. 69*8) is a metal dis- 

 covered by M. Lecoq de Hoishaiidran in 1875 in a 

 zinc-Monde found in the Pyrenees. It has also been 

 found in blendes from Asturia and from Bensberg. 

 Strange to say, its properties and its salts were 

 predicted before its existence was known by 

 Mendeleeff, in virtue of his Periodic Law (see 

 AIOMIC THEOKY, Vol. I. p. 552). Gallium is of a 

 bluish white colour, and has a specific gravity of 

 5 '9. It possesses the remarkable property of fusing 

 at 30'1 C. (76 F. ), and remaining liquid when 

 cooled down even to 0. If, however, the globule 

 of molten metal be touched with a fragment of 

 solid gallium, it at once solidifies. Heated to 

 bright redness in contact with air gallium does 

 >t volatilise, and only a very thin coat of oxide 

 formed on the surface. Gallium, which has no 

 industrial importance, dissolves readily in hydro- 

 chloric- acid and in caustic potash with evolution 

 of hydrogen. It forms one oxide, Ga. 2 O 3 , which is 

 insoluble in water, but soluble in potash and 



8-Minionia. The chloride, nitrate, and sulphate are 

 1 very soluble in water ; the sulphate combines 

 ith ammonium sulphate to form an alum. 

 Gallomania* See ANGLOMANIA. 



Gallon, the standard unit of measure for liquids 

 throughout the United Kingdom. It has existed 

 as a measure from the earliest times, and in con- 

 sequence has undergone many changes. The oldest 

 exchequer standards preserved in the Standards 

 Office include a Winchester corn gallon, of a 

 rapacity of '274| cubic inches, constructed by order 

 of Henry VII. ; Queen Elizabeth added a standard 

 ale gallon in 1601 of 282 cubic inches, and Queen 

 Anne added in 1707 a standard wine gallon of 231 

 cubic inches. All these standard measures, how- 

 ever, were abolished in 1824, when the present 

 imperial gallon, containing 10 lb. of distilled water, 

 weighed in air (the barometer being at 30 inches, 

 and the thermometer at 62 F. ), was made the 

 standard of capacity for liquid measures. This 

 gives 277*274 cubic inches. In the United States 

 the standard gallon contains 231 cubic inches, the 

 beer gallon 282. See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



Gallotannic Acid, a synonym of Tannic 

 Add. See TANNIN. See also GALLIC ACID. 



Galloway, an extensive district in the south - 



we>t of Scotland, once somewhat larger, but now 

 entirely comprised in the shire of Wigtown and 

 stewartry of Kirkcudbright. It enjoys a remark- 

 ably mild climate, and has long been" famous as a 

 pastoral country, its breed of small horses and of 

 large hornless black cattle being well known 

 centuries ago; but the enormous improvement of 

 agriculture under the fostering care or two genera- 

 tions of singularly public-spirited landlords has 

 made dairy-farming now the most important in- 

 dustry. The province is aliont 70 miles in length by 

 40 at its utmost breadth, and contains the greatest 



di\er-ii \ of -i-i-neiA mountain, lake, and stream, 

 an well as dreary waste and almost pathless moor. 

 There is no mineral wealth and hardly an industry, 

 hence the inhabitants are almost entirely con- 

 cerned with the primitive occupations of man- 

 tilling (lie soil, sheep and rattle rearing, and fish- 

 ing. They an; simple, honest, and hospitable, 

 with almost every virtue proper to a peasantry save 

 severe morality. A more detailed account of the 

 country and its productions will !>< given undet 

 the heads KIRKCUDBRIGHT and WIGTOWN. 



The province owes its name to the fact that 

 the natives were called Gall-Gael, or foreign 

 Gaels, at first because of their falling under the 

 foreign rule of the Anglians ; but as the Picts 

 of Galloway they continued to \te known so 

 late as the Battle of the Standard in 1138. Their 

 geographical position had shut them off from 

 their northern congeners, and they continued under 

 their ancietit names a distinct people till the 

 12th century, and preserved their language which 

 was substantially identical with Gaelic till the 

 16th, when it finally disappeared before the 

 Reformation and the use of Lowland Scotch in the 

 parish churches and schools, leaving only a rich 

 crop of place-names wonderfully similar to those 

 of Ireland and the south-western Highlands of 

 Scotland. The earliest inhabitants are styled by 

 Ptolemy the Novantte, to the west of the Nith, 

 with two towns, Lucophibia at Whithorn and 

 Rerigonium on the eastern shore of Loch Ryan ; 

 and the Selgovce, covering Dumfriesshire, with the 

 towns Trimontium, Uxelltim, C'urcfa, and Car- 

 bantortgitm, the sites of which are placed by Mr 

 Skene on Birrenswark Hill, on Wardlaw Hill, at 

 Sanquhar, and at the moat of t'rr, between Nith 

 and Dee. Tacitus tells us that Agricola concentrated 

 a force in that part of Britain which looks on 

 Ireland, and most authorities identify this with 

 Galloway rather than, as Mr Skene, with the 

 modem county of Argyll. This view is borne out 

 by the discovery of Roman forts in Wigtownshire 

 and the Stewartry in situations corresponding with 

 those of the' towns of the Novanta* described by 

 Ptolemy as existing in the time of Hadrian. 

 Galloway was subdued by the Northumbrian 

 Anglians of Bernicia during the 7th century, and 

 governed by them for about two hundred years, 

 and it was to this period apparently that the 

 modern name is due. After about three centuries 

 of more or less complete independence, interrupted 

 only by Norse ravages and at length by a period of 

 Norse supremacy, it was recovered by Malcolm 

 Canmore, granted as an earldom in 1107 to his 

 youngest son David, and on his accession to the 

 throne in 1124 formally united with Scotland. 

 Of the native lords of Galloway we read of a 

 doubtful 'Jacobus, rex Galwallia>' as one of the 

 eight tributary princes who waited on Edgar at 

 Chester in 973. A more historical figure is Fergus, 

 appointed first Earl of Galloway, after the fall of 

 Ulgric and Duvenald, lords of the Galivenses, at 

 the Battle of the Standard. With Somerled he 

 made an unsuccessful revolt against Malcolm IV., 

 and was obliged to give his lordship to his sons, 

 Uchtred and Gilbert, who in their turn, when 

 William the Lion was taken prisoner at Alnwirk 

 in 1174, attempted, but in vain, to throw off the 

 Scottish yoke, even offering fealty to England. 

 Roland, a son of Tchm-d. did homage to Henry II. 

 of England, and his son Alan, who succeeded in 

 1200, was one of the barons who forced John to sign 

 Magna Charta, but seems later to have returned 

 to his Scottish allegiance. At the dispute for the 

 Scottish crown, which opened in 1291, the lordship 

 of Calloway through descent and marriage was in 

 the hands of John Baliol, Alexander Comyn, and 

 two others; consequently the Galwegians resisted 



