GAMALIEL 



CA.MI'-KTTA 



71 







that Kinj,' .loAo III., the successor of 



M.uioel, u.i~ eoiiipelle,) in 1524 to HUIIIIIKHI Da 

 i.ima from his -eelu-ioii ami despatch him. with 

 tin- I il ! i>I viceroy ami a lh--t of thirteen or loin teen 

 U, to tin* M-I-III* ul' hi- former triumph-. His 

 firmness ami courage succeeded in making Portugal 

 .in. -i- more respected in India, hut while engaged in 



hi> sin-eesMni schemes he was sur prised by death 

 at Cochin in December 1.12."). His body was con- 

 \c\ed to Portugal, and buried with great pomp at 

 Vidigneira. Tin* great acliievement of Vasco da 

 (lama is one of tin* most ini]>ortant points in 

 tin* history of modern civilisation, second only 

 in importance to the discovery of America by 

 Columbus but a few years before. His story gave 

 its impulse to the enthusiasm of Camoens, wiiose 

 l.nxi<i,lts would alone have given the subject immor- 

 tality. See the Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama, 

 trans, by Lord Stanley of Alderley for the Hakluyt 

 Bodety (1869). 



(ailia'liel ( Gitmli'cl, ' my rewarder is God '), a 

 IIi*brt*w name, the most celebrated bearer of which 

 i- tiamaliel 1., or the Elder (so called to distin- 

 guish him from his grandson), probably the one 

 mentioned in the New Testament, at whose 

 feet St Paul learned the 'law.' Both here 

 and in the Talmudical writings he appears only 

 in his capacity of a teacher of the law and a 

 prominent Pharisaic member of the Sanhedrim ; 

 of the circumstances of his life we know little 

 but that he taught early in the 1st century, and 

 that lie interposed on behalf of the apostles of 

 Christianity. He was the son of Simeon, and 

 grandson of Hillel (<|.v.). Laws respecting the 

 treatment of the Gentiles, due directly or in- 

 directly to Gamaliel's influence, show unusual 

 breadth and toleration. The Gentile, it was en- 

 acted, should henceforth, like the Jew, be allowed 

 the gleanings of the harvest-Held ; of his poor 

 the same care was to be taken, his sick were 

 to \>e tended exactly as if they belonged to the 

 Jewish community. Tolerant, peaceful, as free 

 from fanaticism on the one hand as on the other 

 from partiality for the new sect, he seems to have 

 placed Christianity simply on a par with the many 

 other sects that sprang up in those days and dis- 

 appeared as quickly ; and lie exhorts to long- suffer- 

 ing and good-will on all sides. When Gamaliel 

 died (about seventeen years before the destruction 

 <ii the Temple) ' the glory of the law' was said to 

 have departed. The story of his conversion to 

 Christianity, we need scarcely add, is as devoid 

 <>f any historical foundation as that of the trans- 

 mission of his bones to Pisa. Yet his name has 

 been placed on the list of Christian saints, his day 

 being the 3d of August. 



Gamba, VIOL DA. See VIOL. 



Ciambetta* LEON MICHEL, French statesman, 

 Mas lx)rn at Cahors, of Genoese-Jewish extrac- 

 tion, October 30, 1838. After studying law, he 

 became a memlier of the Paris bar in 1859. He 

 soon attracted attention by his advanced lil>eral 

 views, and in 1868 acquired still greater celebrity 

 by his striking speech in the Baudin case, and his 

 denunciations or the arbitrary measures of Louis 

 Napoleon. In 1869 he was elected deputy by the 

 Irreconcilables for l>oth Marseilles and Belleville, 

 and took his seat for the former constituency. 

 Early in the session of 1870 he protested against 

 the imprisonment, of his friend Rochefort, attacked 

 the ministry of Emile Ollivier, and predicted the 

 approaching advent of the Republic. Upon the 

 surrender of Napoleon III. at Sedan, Gambetta 

 proposed the deposition of the imperial dynasty, 

 and he was one of the proclaimers of the Republic, 

 September 4. On the 5th he became minister of 

 the Interior in the Government of National 



Defence, and at once took vigorous measures for 

 opposing the German* ami defending Pan*. The 

 capital, however, wan invested, and in October 

 he eM-apcd in a balloon in order to join hi* col- 

 leagues at Tour-. Here, and sulmequently at 

 Bordeaux, he assumed the general conduct of 

 pul. lie affairs, and for five months wax Dictator 

 of France. With marvellous energy and un- 

 daunted courage he called army after army into 

 being^ and sent them against the German hcmU, 

 but in vain. The trumiMit-toiie* of his appeal* 

 were heard throughout the whole of France, and 

 at one moment it seemed as though success must 

 attend the efforts of the indefatigable minister ; 

 but the surrender of Metz by Bazaine which 

 Gambetta denounced as an act of treason crushed 

 all hopes of deliverance for France. Nevertheless, 

 Gambetta continued the struggle, and even when 

 Paris succumbed to the invaders he demanded 

 that the war should be carried on A I'outrunce, and 

 that an assembly should be elected for that 



Eurpose. When his colleagues in the capital 

 ad concluded an armistice, and called upon the 

 electors without regard to party to elect a con- 

 stituent assembly, Gambetta issued a decree at 

 Bordeaux, January 31, 1871, disfranchising all 

 functionaries of the Empire and all members of 

 royal dynasties. This decree was repudiated by 

 the government at Paris, whereupon Gambetta 

 resigned, and for some months retired into Spain. 

 But he became more popular than ever with the 

 masses, and was elected to the National Assembly 

 by ten departments. He took no part in the 

 earlier sittings of the Assembly or in the suppres- 

 sion of the Commune. In July he was re-elected 

 for the departments of the Seine, Var, and Bouches- 

 du- Rhone, and took his seat for the last-named 

 department. The Ripublique Frant-aise apj>eared 

 in November 1871 as his representative organ. 



The second part of Gambetta's political career 

 began after the fall of the Commune, when he was 

 accepted as the chief of the advanced Republicans. 

 Early in 1872 he traversed the south of France, 

 exciting the enthusiasm of the populace, and in 

 the ensuing September he formulated the Repub- 

 lican programme at Grenoble, severely attacking^ 

 M. Tniers and the National Assembly, and 

 demanding the removal of the government from 

 Versailles to Paris. He had now become the most 

 prominent Frenchman of the time. The National 

 Assembly voted the republican form of constitu- 

 tion in February 1875, and two months later 

 Gambetta delivered his famous speech at Belle- 

 ville, defending the Republicans from the attacks 

 of the Irreconcilables. The 'fou fttrieux ' of M. 

 Thiers now developed into the leading exponent 

 of Opportunism. He opposed the vote of the 

 Assembly establishing scrutin d'arrondissenniit, 

 and after the elections of 1876 became president 

 of the budget committee. A constitutional con- 

 flict arose in May 1877, when the Due de Broglie 

 took office in the hope of restoring the monarchy. 

 A civil war seemed imminent, but, owing chiefly 

 to the zeal and activity of Gaml>etta, such a 

 catastrophe was averted, and the Republic firmly 

 established. The chamber censured the ministry 

 by 363 to 158 votes, and a dissolution was ordered. 

 G'ambetta exclaimed, 'We go out 363, and 363 we 

 shall return,' and his prophecy was fulfilled to the 

 letter. Marshal MacMahon refrained from pushing 

 matters to an extremity, and the royalist contest 

 was abandoned. Gambetta was summoned before 

 the Eleventh Correctional Tribunal of Paris for 

 having declared respecting MacMahon at Lille, 

 4 II faudra ou se soumettre, ou se dtmtttrc.' He 

 was condemned on October 24 to three months' 

 imprisonment and a fine of 4000 francs. Two 

 months later he was re-elected for Belleville. The 



