74 



GAMBOGE 



GAME-LAWS 



has its Derby sweep ; and when Convocation met 

 in the summer of 1889, and denounced the tendency 

 of all classes towards indulging in betting and 

 gaming, one or two of the speakers spoke in ex- 

 tenuation of lotteries and raffles at fancy fairs 

 organised for charitable or religious objects. Art 

 unions are specially exempted from the operation 

 of the statutes against lotteries by the 9th and 10th 

 Viet. chap. 48, which declares that voluntary asso- 

 ciations for acquiring works of art which are after- 

 wards distributed by lot are to be deemed legal 

 after a royal charter has been obtained. Gambling 

 which takes the form of speculating in stocks and 

 shares has long been common, but at present 

 a certain number of outside brokers men, that is 

 to say, who are not members of the Stock Exchange 

 are offering every facility to those desirous of 

 indulging in the hazardous pastime. By staking 

 with the broker one per cent, of the amount it is 

 determined to nominally expend, the investor can 

 give his orders. Thus, in the words of the adver- 

 tisements, 5 ( called ' cover ') commands 500 of 

 stock. Should the stock fall sufficiently to exhaust 

 the cover, the transaction is at an end ; the investor 

 loses his cover, which goes into the pocket of the 

 broker. If the stock rises in the market the in- 

 vestor can claim the difference between its present 

 value and the price at which he bought, or nomin- 

 ally bought, for no stock changes hands in these 

 transactions. No brokerage is charged, and, as 

 palatial offices are occupied, it would appear that a 

 very great majority of speculators lose their money. 

 This system when analysed is neither more nor less 

 than betting upon the rise and fall, the broker being 

 to all intents and purposes a bookmaker. 



In the United States, keeping a gambling-house 

 is indictable at common law as injurious to morals ; 

 and most states and territories have passed laws 

 against gambling, in some of them severe and 

 stringent. Yet till 1880 gambling was exceed- 

 ingly common and open throughout the United 

 States ; and it was left to societies for the suppres- 

 sion of vice, especially in New York, to stir up the 

 authorities to put the laws in force. In 1881-84 

 prosecutions and convictions were very numerous ; 

 in 1885 almost all the chief cities in the Union 

 followed the example of New York. Prussia, 

 Saxony, Brunswick, Mecklenburg -Schvverin, and 

 Hamburg still have state lotteries. 



See BETTING, MONACO, BADEN-BADEN, and articles 

 on the various games ; also Frederick Brandt, Games, 

 Gaming, and Gamester's Law ( new ed. 1873 ) ; an article 

 in the Quarterly for January 1889 ; a bibliography of 

 books on gambling in Notes and Queries ( 1889 ) ; and John 

 Ashton's History of English Lotteries (1894). 



Gamboge, or GAMBOGE, a gum-resin, used in 

 medicine and the arts, the produce chiefly of Gar- 

 cinia Morella ( Gambogia gutta or Hebradendron 

 gambogioides), a tree of the order Guttiferse, (sub- 

 order Clusiace*), a native of Cambodia (hence 

 the name), Ceylon, Siam, &c. The gamboge-tree 

 attains a height of 40 feet, has smooth oval leaves, 

 small polygamous flowers, and clusters of sweet 

 and edible fruits. When the bark of the tree is 

 wounded the gamboge exudes as a thick, viscid, 

 yellow juice, which hardens by exposure to the air. 

 It is generally collected in a joint of bamboo, and 

 a single tree will yield sufficient to fill three joints 

 20 inches in length and 1^ inch in diameter. From 

 this cause it is found in commerce in the form 

 of sticks or cylinders having the markings of the 

 bamboo on the outside. When of good quality it is 

 of a rich, orange-brown tint, and should not show a 

 rough granular surface when broken. Since yellow 

 is a colour sacred to Buddha, gamboge is in much 

 request in Singhalese temples, alike for vestments 

 and decorations. The finest gamboge comes from 

 Siam. American gamboge, which is very similar, 



and is used for the same purposes, is obtained from 

 Vismiaguianensis, and other species, shrubs of the 

 order Hypericinse. Gamboge occurs in commerce 



Gamboge (Garcinia Morella). 



in three forms : (1) in rolls or solid cylinders ; (2) 

 in pipes or hollow cylinders ; and (3) in cakes or 

 amorphous masses. The first two kinds are the 

 purest. Good gamboge contains about 70 per cent. 

 of resin and 20 per cent, of gum, the remainder 

 being made up of woody fibre, fecula, and moisture. 

 Medicinally it acts as a violent purgative, seldom 

 administered alone. It is employed in water-colour 

 painting, in the staining of wood, and in the for- 

 mation of a golden lacquer for brass. It can be 

 readily bruised, forming a brilliant yellow, nearly 

 inodorous powder, and possesses a disagreeable 

 acrid taste. 



{atlihrilBUS, a mythical king of Flanders, to 

 whom is ascribed the invention of beer. His figure 

 is familiar in German beer-cellars, often seated 

 astride a cask, a foaming tankard in his hand. 



Since primeval days man has 

 been a carnivorous animal, and has depended for 

 his sustenance largely upon the flesh of the beasts 

 of the field. At first, doubtless, the only thought 

 was of the capture and destruction of animals 

 whose flesh was agreeable to the taste, not of their 

 preservation and protection for future use. But it 

 is probable that at a very early age domestication 

 was resorted to in order to meet the scarcity caused 

 by the depletion of the forests and the increased 

 wariness of the animals. There are, however, 

 many animals which, though suitable for food, 

 cannot readily be domesticated, and these still 

 remained the objects of the chase in their natural 

 wild condition. Doubtless for a time these latter 

 were still mercilessly hunted down, but gradually 

 the necessity came to be recognised of husbanding 

 the stock even of wild animals against the future. 

 The analogy of the animal kingdom suggests that 

 the pleasures of the chase were just as keen 

 amongst the nomad tribes in the primeval forests 

 as amongst modern British sportsmen ; but the 

 primary object then was not the enjoyment of 

 sport, but the collection of a supply of food, and the 

 value of the wild animals was mainly an economic 

 one. But gradually, as civilisation advanced, as 

 cultivation increased, and other sources of food- 

 supply were multiplied, the value of wild animals 

 as food diminished, and protection came to be 

 accorded to them rather as objects of sport than 



