GANOIDS 



GARCIA 



79 



the goose will often allow itself to l>e touched 



witli ;i Mirk wit limit rising fr tin- ne.-,t. The 



number of gannets that aiinuully visit tin- llu-s 

 K.i.-U in tin- Firth of Forth i.s estimated at i'roin 

 sixteen to twenty thousand. The? young arc killed 



hv i-lill'i i who are lowered down tin; rock by ;i 



rope ; they are valut>d for the Bake of their down, 

 lle^h, and oil, which bring a profit to the person 

 who rents the rock. On and around the Bass 

 gannets are seen in prodigious numlierH, the air 

 around the rock being tilled with them, like bees 

 around a hive, and the rock itself whitened by 

 tlicm and their accumulated excrements. The 

 deafening noise of the harsh cries they utter when 

 they are excited or disturhed adds to the impres- 

 sive-ness of their snowtlake-like numliers. The 

 tlesh is rank and oily ; hut that of the young, 

 haked, is eaten to a considerable extent in many 

 places, and is even reckoned a delicacy. The eggs 

 are considered by many connoisseurs to be a 

 decided delicacy. They are boiled for twenty 

 minutes, and eaten cold, with vinegar, salt, and 

 pepper. S. vnricgata, extremely abundant in some 

 parts of the southern hemisphere, is said to be the 

 chief producer of guano ; and S. piscator is the 

 well-known phlegmatic booby. 



Ganoids, an order of fishes once very large, but 

 now decadent, being represented by only seven 

 living genera. These are (1) predominantly car- 

 tilaginous forms Acipenser (sturgeon), Scaphi- 

 rhynchus, Spatularia (or Polyodon), and (2) bony 

 Ganoids Polypterus, Calamoichthys, Lepidosteus 

 (bony pike), and Amia. On the other hand, the 

 majority of fossil fish in paheozoic times are 

 Ganoids e.g. Pterichthys, Coccosteus, Cephalas- 

 pis, Pteraspis. Khi/odus. The general characters 

 are noted under FISHKS. 



Gailtailg Pass, in 31 38' N. lat. and 78 

 47' E. long., leads eastward from Kunawar, in 

 Bashahr, into the Chinese territory. Its height is 

 18,295 feet above the sea, and it is overhung by a 

 peak of its own name, nearly 3000 feet loftier. 

 The place is unspeakably desolate and rugged, and, 

 being devoid of fuel, it is but little frequented. 



Gantlet. See GAUNTLET. 



Ganymede, the cup-bearer of Zeus, was, 

 according to Homer, the son of King Tros and the 

 nymph Callirrhoe ; or, according to others, of 

 Laomedon, llus, or Erichthonius. The most 

 beautiful of mortals, he attracted the notice of 

 the king of the gods, who determined to make him 

 his cup-l>earer in succession to Hebe, and accord- 

 ingly despatched his eagle to carry him off to 

 heaven. The Greeks believed that Zeus gave Tros 

 a pair of divine horses as a compensation for his 

 loss, and comforted him at the same time by 

 informing him that Ganymede had become im- 

 mortal and free from all earthly ills. At a later 

 period he was identified with the divinitv who pre- 

 sided over the sources of the Nile. The Greek 

 astronomers likewise placed him among the stars, 

 under the name of Aquarius (' the water-bearer '), 

 in allusion to his celestial function. Ganymede 

 was a favourite subject of ancient art, and in 

 modern time has prompted the genius of Carstens 

 and Thorwaldsen. 



Gaol. See PRISONS. 



Gaol Delivery, COMMISSION OF, is one of the 



commissions issued to judges of assixe and judges 

 of the Central Criminal Court in England, bee 

 A^IZE. 



Gap, the mountain capital of the French de- 

 partment of Hautes Alpes, Is pleasantly situated 

 on the Luye, 2424 feet above sea-level, among vine- 

 clad slopes, 47 miles SE. of Grenoble, by a branch 

 line. It has a cathedral (rebuilt since 1866), and 



some manufacture* of silk and cotton fabric** and 

 hat*. Pop. (1801) 9026. Gap, the ancient Vupin- 

 i- a in, was formerly a fortress of Home importance, 

 and gave tin- title of ( lapencois to the surrounding 

 district of hauphiiie. 



GapeH, a disease of fowls and other bird*, due 

 to i IK presence of threadworms or Ncinatode* 

 ( XifHi/ttiiiux trarhealia) in the windpipe. AM alarge 

 number (twenty) may be present, the worms cause 

 inflammation, suffocation, and death. The woriiitt 

 In red in i IK- trachea, embryos are coughed up, and, 

 if swallowed by the same or other birds, pass from 

 stomach to air-sacs, lungs, and eventually to the 

 windpipe. As to the external life of the embryo 

 there are two theories : Megnin, for instance, say* 

 that they get into the food when coughed up, and 

 thus pass very directly from fowl to fowl ; while 

 H. D. Walker has given strong reasons for siiKjH'ct- 

 ing that they pass first into the earth, then into 

 earthworms, and thence into birds. For treatment, 

 see the books named at POULTRY. See also PARA- 

 SITIC ANIMALS. 



Garabit, a point on the railway from Marveiols 

 (Lozere) to Neussargm-s, about 10 miles S. of St 

 Flour, in the French department of Cantal, where 

 the line crosses a gorge through which the waters 

 of the Truyere run, 401 feet below the rails. The 

 viaduct, the work of M. Eiffel, is built partly of 

 girders and partly of masonry, and has a total 

 length of 1852 feet 6 inches. XV here it crosses the 

 river it is supported by an arch, with a span of no 

 less than 541 teet4 inches. See Engineering ( 1885), 

 and Eiffel, Le Viaditc de Garabit (1889). 



Garainantes. See FEZZAN. 



Garancine, a dyestuff derived from Madder. 

 See DYESTUFFS (under Dyeing), Vol. IV. page 138. 



Garay, JANOS, Hungarian poet, born at Szeg- 

 szurd in 1812, lived mostly at Pesth, where he 

 obtained in 1847 a post in 'the university library, 

 and died 15th November 1853. His study of the 

 masterpieces of German literature and or Voros- 

 marty uore fruit in numerous dramas, chiefly of 

 historical character : Csdb (1835), Arbocz (1837), 

 and Orszgdh Ilona ( 1837 ), as well as long poems, ajs. 

 Csatar, an epic (1834), and Szent Laszlo, a histori- 

 cal poem (1850). In 1847 he published Arwulok, 

 & poetical version of the historical legends of Hun- 

 gary, and next year Bcdatoni KagylJfc, a collection 

 of lyrics. A complete edition or his poems was 

 published by Franz Ney (5 vols. Pesth, 1854), a 

 selection in German by Kertl>eny (2d ed. Vienna, 

 1857), and a Life by Ferenczy ( Pesth, 1883). 



Garaye.LA, a ruined chateau in Brittaiw, 2 

 miles from Dinan. Its last owners, Claude Tous- 

 saint and his countess, in the first half of the 18th 

 century converted it into an hospital, which forms 

 the theme of the Hon. Mrs Norton's poem, 'The 

 Lady of La Garay e ' ( 1862). 



Garb, or GARBE ( Fr. gerbe ), a sheaf of any kind 

 of grain. A garb is frequently used in heraldry. 



Garcia, MANUEL, vocalist and composer, was 

 born at Seville, in Spain, 22d January 1775. After 

 acquiring a considerable reputation as a tenor 

 singer in Cadiz and Madrid, in 1808 he ob- 

 tained great success at the Italian Opera in Paris, 

 and afterwards proceeded to Italy, where he 

 was received witn equal favour. From 1816 to 

 18-24 he was constantly engaged as a singer, either 

 in Paris or London. In 1825, with a select operatic 

 company, composed in part of members of his own 

 family, ne crossed the Atlantic, and visited New 

 York* and Mexico. On the road between Mexico 

 and Vera Cruz he was robbed of all his money ; and 

 after his return to Paris he was compelled to open 

 a class for singing, as his voice had l>ecome great 1% 

 impaired by age and fatigue. Many of Garcia s 



