84 



GARDES SUISSES 



GARDINER 



not equal in bulk to a score of fine ones, and far 

 less in quality, yet they exhaust the powers of the 

 parent more than the worthy progeny. Be careful 

 as to the time of culling : even the earliest fruit 

 should not be allowed to get dead-ripe on the 

 branch, whereas the winter kinds are often 

 gathered prematurely, especially under the menace 

 of a storm. General pruning should be done in 

 winter, when the trees have filled their spaces, and 

 should be tempered with mercy ; but for this' direc- 

 tions will be found in our article upon that subject. 



Hot-beds in the kite hen -garden are chiefly for 

 promoting and protecting early growth of tender 

 stuff, such as marrows, cucumbers, potatoes, mush- 

 rooms, &c. No description, but experience alone 

 and common sense can give the key to the manage- 

 ment of this close work. Only it may be said that 

 half the failures which occur are caused by excess 

 of heat, stint of air, and injudicious coddling. See 

 also PLANT-HOUSES. 



The gardener, whether he has to study beauty or 

 utility not that these are discordant powers 

 must endeavour to move along the broad walk of 

 intelligence, despising nothing because it seems 

 new, still less because it is old ; and striving to 

 learn from others all he can, and from himself the 

 whole of it. The multiplicity of art for him is 

 multiplied by the infinitude of nature, and before 

 he is out of his rudiments his time comes to be 

 made perfect. 



Among the many treatises upon Gardening, general or 

 special, a few may here be mentioned : London's Encyclo- 

 pedia of Gardening (1878) ; London's Encyclopaedia, of 

 Plants (Wooster's edition); Lindley's Vegetable King- 

 dom ; Lindley's Botanical Register ; Lindley's British 

 Fruits ; Vilmorin's Vegetable, Garden ; Sweet's British 

 Flower-garden (7 vols.) ; Robinson's Flower-garden; 

 Paul's Rose-yarden ; Hibberd's Ruse-book ; Hibherd's 

 Amateur's Greenhouses; Hogg's Fruit Manual (5th edi- 

 tion); Johnson's Gardener's Dictionary (Brown's edi- 

 tion ) ; Barren's Vines and Vine-culture ; Thompson's 

 Gardener's Assistant ; Cassell's Popular Gardening ; 

 Hemsley's Hardy Trees and Shrubs ; Smith's Economic 

 Plants; Sedding's Garden-craft, Old and New (1892); 

 Miss Amherst's History of Gardening in England ( 1896). 



Gardes Suisses. See Swiss GUARDS. 



Gardiner, a port of Maine, on the Kennebec 

 River, 56 miles NNE. of Portland; pop. 5501. 



Gardiner, COLONEL JAMES, son of Captain 

 Patrick Gardiner, was born at Carriden, in Lin- 

 lithgowshire, January 11, 1688, and when only four- 

 teen years old obtained a commission in a Scots regi- 

 ment in the Dutch service. In 1702 he passed into 

 the English army, and in 1706 was severely wounded 

 at the battle of Ramillies. Gardiner fought with 

 great distinction in all the other battles of Marl- 

 borough. In 1715 he was made first lieutenant, 

 then captain of dragoons ; and in the same year 

 he gave a conspicuous proof of his courage, 

 when, along with eleven other daring fellows 

 ( eight of whom were killed ), he fired the barricades 

 of the Highlanders at Preston. From an early 

 period Gardiner was noted for his licentiousness ; 

 but in the year 1719 a vision of Christ on the cross 

 transformed the brave but wicked soldier into a 

 pious and exemplary Christian. In 1724 he was 

 raised to the rank of major, and in 1726 he married 

 Lady Frances Erskine, daughter of the fourth Earl 

 of Buchan, by whom he had thirteen children, only 

 five of whom survived him. In 1730 he became 

 lieutenant-colonel of dragoons, and in 1743 colonel 

 of the Enniskillens. Deserted by his dragoons at 

 the battle of Prestonpans, fought close to his own 

 house, he put himself at the head of a handful of 

 infantry, and fought till, cut down with a Lochaber 

 axe, he was borne to the manse of Tranent, where 

 he died in a few hours, September 21, 1745. See 

 his Life by Dr Doddridge (1747). 



Gardiner, SAMUEL RAWSON, historian, was 

 born at Ropley, in Hampshire, March 4, 1829, and 

 educated at Winchester and at Christ Church, 

 Oxford, taking a first-class in 1851. For some 

 years he filled the chair of Modern History at King's 

 College, London, but resigned it in 1885 to continue 

 his History at Oxford on an All Souls' elective 

 fellowship. In 1882 he was granted a Civil List 

 pension of 150. The work to which he has devoted 

 himself with more than German thoroughness and 

 unbiased openness of mind began with the follow- 

 ing instalments : The History of England from the 

 Accession of James I. to the Disgrace of Chief - 

 justice Coke (1863), Prince Charles and the Spanish 

 Marriage (1869), England under the Duke of Buck- 

 ingham and Charles I. (1875), The Personal Govern- 

 ment of Charles I. (1877), and The Fall of the 

 Monarchy of Charles I. (vols. i. and ii. 1882). 

 The last was of course intended to extend to the 

 death of the king, but in the first two volumes had 

 only been brought down to 1642, when the whole 

 of the preceding were grouped together and re- 

 published (1883-84) in ten volumes, as a continuous 

 history of England from 1603 to 1642. The History 

 of the Civil War (3 vols. 1886-91) was continued 

 by The History of the Commonwealth and Pro- 

 tectorate (vols. i. and ii. 1894-97). Shorter books 

 deal with the character of Cromwell (1897) and 

 with the Gunpowder Plot (1897, in reply to Father 

 Gerard's attempt to prove that there was no real 

 plot). The Student's History of England (3 vols. ) 

 appeared 1890-92. Other works are The Thirty 

 Years' War (1874) and The Puritan Revolution. 

 ('Epochs' series, 1875), and an Introduction to the 

 Study of English History (1881; new ed. 1894), 

 written with Mr J. Bass Mullinger. For the 

 Carnden Society he edited the Fortesque Papers, the 

 Hamilton Papers, the Parliamentary Debates in 

 1610, and Debates in the House of Commons in 1625. 



Gardiner, STEPHEN, Bishop of Winchester, 

 was born between 1483 and 1490 at Bury St Edmunds 

 a clothworker's son, say some ; others, a natural 

 son of Bishop Woodville of Salisbury. He studied 

 at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 1520-21 proceeding 

 doctor of civil and of canon law ; and soon after, 

 through the patronage of the Duke of Norfolk, 

 he was introduced to Wolsey, who made him his 

 secretary. In this capacity he won the confidence 

 of Henry VIII., and by him was employed during 

 1527-33 in promoting at Rome and elsewhere his 

 divorce from Catharine of Aragon. At this time 

 he was known as Dr Stephens. He had become 

 master of his old college in 1525, Archdeacon of 

 Norfolk in 1529, and two years later of Leicester, 

 when in November 1531 he was consecrated Bishop 

 of Winchester. Good Catholic though he was, he 

 supported the royal supremacy, and wrote a treatise 

 in defence of it, De verd Obedientia (1535). Still, 

 he opposed all measures tending to a doctrinal 

 reformation, he had a principal hand in the down- 

 fall of Thomas Cromwell, and the ' Six Articles ' 

 were largely of his framing, though the story that 

 he lost Henry's favour by an attempt to impeach 

 Catharine Parr of heresy is not based upon con- 

 temporary authority. On Edward VI. 's acces- 

 sion ( 1547 ), for refusing to comply with the new 

 teaching he was committed to the Fleet prison, 

 but released three weeks afterwards, to be next 

 year again seized and lodged in the Tower, and 

 in 1552 deprived of his bishopric. When in 1553 

 Mary ascended the throne, he was set at liberty, 

 restored to his see, and appointed Lord High 

 Chancellor of England. He now took the lead in 

 the persecution of the Protestants, and has been 

 charged with the grossest cruelty. Dr Maitland 

 shows, however, that in very many instances the 

 parties brought before his court were arraigned for 

 treason rather than heresy ; and certain it is that 



