GARDNER 



GARGOYLE 



he helped Peter Martyr to leave England, and 



interposed to pioieei litter A.M-ham. Hi- died 

 \\-:;ililiy :U Whitehall, of tin- gout, un I'Jth 

 Milier 1555, anil was buried in his cathedral, 

 (hi his deathbed in- cried mil in Latin, 'I have 

 denied with I'eter, I have gone out with Peter ; lint 

 I li,i\c ii.ii wept with Peter ' referring doubtless to 

 his temporary rcnuneiatioii of tin- papal supremacy. 

 NVe h:i\ ado/en Latin and English treatises from 

 his pen ; lint the Nectxxnnj />"</////* mid Eru- 

 dition of (i Chrixtiiiii Man (I.VI.S) was probably 

 Henry's own, not a joint production of Gardiner 

 and Cranmer. Gardiner's character haw l>een the 

 subject of much debate ; but it can scarcely be 

 doubted that In- was a /ealous, though not a 

 spiritually -minded, churchman. His devotion was 

 that of an out-and-out partisan; but it was none 

 tin- less real, for he would have laid down his life 

 fur the eaiise which commanded his sympathies. 

 See Mass Mullinger in the Diet. Nat. Biog. ; and 

 Dixon's Hist, of the Ch. of England (vol. iv. J891). 



(ardiior. a post-village of Massachusetts, 70 

 miles WNW. of Boston by rail, with manufactures 

 of wooden wares chairs, pails, tubs, and toys. 

 Pop. (1880) 4988; (1900) 10,813. 



Garfield, JAMES ABRAM, twentieth president 

 of the United States, was l>orn in Orange, Ohio, 

 19th November 1831. His father, who was 

 descended from one of the Puritan founders of 

 Watertown, Massachusetts (1630), died soon after 

 the boy's birth, leaving his wife, the daughter of a 

 Huguenot family that hail settled in New England 

 in 1685, to bring up unaided her four small chil- 

 dren, battling bravely with poverty and privation 

 in her lonely cabin in the ' Wilderness ' (now the 

 'Western Reserve') of Ohio. At the age of ten 

 mug Garh'eld already added something to his 

 other's income by work on the neighbouring 

 farms ; in winter he made steady progress in the 

 district school. In 1849 he entered Geauga 

 Seminary, at Chester, Ohio ; and in the summer 

 months he turned to any and all kinds of work, to 

 provide funds for the ensuing winter. At this 

 period Garlield joined the Campbellite body. He 

 next passed on to the college at Hiram, Ohio, 

 supporting himself meanwhile by tuition, and 

 finally graduated at Williams College, Massa- 

 chusetts, in 1856. Returning to Hiram, he 

 became its president in 1857, at the same time 

 preaching and studying law. He was elected to 

 the state senate in 1859, and on the outbreak 

 of the war received the command of the 42d 

 regiment of Ohio volunteers. In December 1861 

 he was given a brigade, with orders to drive the 

 Confederates out of eastern Kentucky, and with 

 reinforcements gained the battle of Middle Creek, 

 10th January 1802, from which his commission 

 as brigadier-general was dated. He had been 

 promoted major-general for gallantry at Chicka- 

 mauga, September 19, 1863, when he resigned his 

 command to enter congress, at the age or thirty- 

 two. He sat in congress, rendering valuable 

 assistance in military and financial questions, 

 'uitil isso, and acted latterly as leader of the 

 Republican party in the house. In January 1880 

 he was elected a United States senator, and in 

 liiii of the same year he was adopted as presi- 

 dential candidate by the Republican convention at 

 < 'hii-a^o. Garfield's nomination came as a surprise 

 to his party, and was simply the result of a com 

 promise bet ween the supporters of Grant and Blaine, 

 after thirty-three ineffectual ballots had proved that 

 neither could secure the prize. He proved, never- 

 theless, a strong candidate, regardless of prece- 

 dent delivered speeches in his own behalf, and 

 finally defeated General Hancock by a narrow 

 majority on the popular vote, but by 215 to 155 



in 



V 



yo 

 mi 



electoral votes. He was inaugurated on 4th March 

 1HSI, and identified himself with the cause of civil 

 sei \ i,-e reform, whereby he irritated a powerful 

 seei ion of hi- own party (see CoNKLING). On the 

 morning of -Jd July, as he was setting off to witness 

 the closing exercises of his old college, he was shot 

 down from behind by a disappointed office-seeker, 

 Charles Guiteaii. For weeks he lingered between 

 life and death ; early in Septemlier he was removed 

 to Loii", Branch, New Jersey, and there he died, at 

 Ell>cron, I!)th September 1881. He was buried at 

 Cleveland (q.v.). The vice-president, General 

 Arthur (q.v.), succeeded him. Garfield held power 

 long enough to show himself worthy of it. His 

 tragic death has given him prominence in the roll 

 of American presidents, but it was his brave and 

 patient endurance of suffering that endeared him 

 most to his countrymen and claimed the sym- 

 pathy and admiration of the rest of the world. His 

 speeches were collected in 2 vols. (Boston, 1882). 

 See the Life by J. R. Gilmore (1880). 



Garefowl. See AUK. 



Gare Loch. See DUMBARTONSHIRE. 



Gar-fish. See GAR-PIKE. 



Gar'ganey. See TEAL. 



Gargano (ancient Garg&nvt), a mountainous 

 peninsula, the 'spur' of Italy, in the province of 

 Foggia, jutting out some 30 miles into the Adriatic 

 Sea, and attaining in Monte Calvo a height of 5110 

 feet. Bee-keeping is yet as generally engaged in 

 as in the time of Horace. The district is visited 

 mainly by pilgrims to a shrine of St Michael on 

 Monte St Angelo. 



Gargantna. See RABELAIS. 



Gargarus. See IDA. 



Gargle, or GARGARISM, a class of medicines 

 intended to be churned about in the throat, with a 

 view of cleansing the parts, and of acting as anti- 

 septics, Astringents (q.v.), sedatives, or Stimulants 

 (q.v.), in various conditions of the throat. In 

 using them a full breath is taken, the mouth filled 

 with the liquid, and the head thrown back ; as the 

 breath is gradually allowed to escape, the liquid is 

 freely brought into contact with the upper part of 

 the throat. They are not generally suitable in 

 cases of acute inflammation of the throat, but often 

 valuable in chronic affections. Among the most 

 useful gargles are Antiseptic : Condy's fluid, 10 to 

 20 drops ; carbolic acid, 4 to 8 grains. Astringent : 

 tannic acid, 10 grains ; alum, 20 grains. Sedative : 

 bromide of potash, 20 grains. Stimulant : vinegar, 

 30 drops ; dilute hydrochloric acid, 20 drops, dis- 

 solved or diluted with a wineglassful of water. 



Gargoyle, a projecting spout, leading the 

 water Irom the roof-gutters of buildings. Gar- 

 goyles of various forms have been used in almost 

 all styles of architecture, but were peculiarly 

 developed in connec- 

 tion with Gothic archi- 

 tecture. Some gar- 

 goyles are small and 

 plain, others large and 

 ornamental, according 

 to their various posi- 

 tions. They are carved 

 into all 'conceivable 

 forms angelic, 

 human, and of the 

 lower animals ; and, 

 as in fountains, the 

 water is generally 

 spouted through the 

 mouth. In late castel- 

 lated buildings, they frequently assume the form 

 of small cannons projecting from the parapet. 

 Gargoyles are generally carved in stone, out are 



St Stephen's, Vienna. 



