86 



GARHMUKHTESAR 



GARIBALDI 



sometimes executed in wood, and are made of 

 great length so as to throw the water into the 

 gutter formed in the middle of the streets of some 



3t Alkmund'a Church, Derby ; 

 circa 1450. 



Horsley Church, Derbyshire ; 

 circa 1450. 



old towns. In modern times the use of leaden pipes 

 to convey away the water from roofs has almost 

 entirely superseded the use of gargoyles. 



Garlimilklltesar, an ancient town in the 

 North-west Provinces of India, on the Ganges, 

 26 miles SE. of Meerut, with four shrines dedi- 

 cated to Ganga, and a great fair, which attracts 

 200,000 pilgrims. Pop. 7305. 



Garliwal, a native state in the North-west 

 Provinces of India, on the borders of Tibet : area, 

 about 4180 sq. m. ; pop. (1891) 241,242. Also the 

 name of a British district in the North-west Pro- 

 vinces, next to independent Garhwal: area, 5500 

 sq. m. ; pop. 407,818. Being on the southern slope 

 or the Himalayas, Garhwal is for the most part a 

 mass of rugged mountain-ranges, whose elevation 

 above the sea reaches in Nanda Devi 25,661 feet. 

 The native state is the cradle of both the Jumna 

 and the Ganges, and in the district are the Alak- 

 nanda and its point of junction with the Bliagi- 

 rathi (see GANGES) ; consequently, in spite of the 

 length and ruggedness of tne way, crowds of pil- 

 grims are attracted to the peculiarly sacred 

 localities of Deoprayag and Gangotri. 



Garibaldi, GIUSEPPE, the Italian patriot, was 

 born at Nice on the 4th July 1807. His father 

 was a simple, God-fearing tisherman, seldom in pros- 

 perous circumstances, but he contrived neverthe- 

 less to give the boy a tolerable education, possibly 

 with the object of making him a priest. Giuseppe, 

 however, was determined upon becoming a sailor, 

 and rising rapidly in the merchant-service, he was 

 appointed in 1828 second in command of the brig 

 Cortese. His early voyages, which included a visit 

 to Rome, filled him with democratic ardour, whence 

 it is only natural that in 1834 he should have been 

 involved in the ' Young Italy ' movement of Mazzini, 

 whom he met at Marseilles, and should have been 

 condemned to death for taking part in an attempt 

 to seize Genoa. He had volunteered for the royal 

 navy with the object of gaining recruits for the 

 cause. Garibaldi escaped to Marseilles and 

 afterwards to South America, where he offered his 

 services to the province of Rio Grande, which was 

 in rebellion against the Emperor of Brazil. He 

 distinguished himself as a guerilla warrior and 

 privateer, was taken prisoner and suspended for 

 two hours by the wrists for attempting to escape, and 

 eloped with and soon married the beautiful Creole 

 Anita Riveira de Silva, the companion of his earlier 

 campaigns and the mother of his children Menotti, 

 Ricciotti, and Teresa. After some mingled experi- 

 ences as drover, shipbroker, and teacher of mathe- 

 matics, he offered in 1842 his assistance to the 

 Montevideans, who were at war with Rosas, the 

 tyrant of Buenos Ayres. In this struggle Garibaldi 

 won fresh renown, by water as naval commander 

 in a two days' engagement, and on land as 



organiser and commander of the Italian legion, 

 especially on 8th February and 20th May 1846, 

 when he beat oft' considerably superior forces of 

 the enemy at Sal to San Antonio and the Dayman 

 River. He gives a full account of his various 

 exploits in his autobiography. 



The ' red shirt ' of Garibaldi had thus already be- 

 come famous, when in 1847 the reforming pope, Pius 

 IX., ascended the throne of St Peter. Garibaldi, 

 the Montevidean struggle being practically at an 

 end, promptly offered to enlist under his banner, 

 but received an ambiguous reply ; and Charles Albert 

 of Sardinia, M'hom on his arrival in Italy in June 

 1848 he found besieging the Austrians in Mantua, 

 coldly referred him to his ministers, Garibald?, 

 however, after the collapse of the Sardinian army, 

 at the head of a body of volunteers performed some 

 notable feats against the Austrians on the Swiss 

 frontier, and then wandered about Italy until he 

 reached Ravenna. In 1849 he threw in his lot with 

 the revolutionary government of Rome against 

 Pius IX., who had retracted his liberal concessions 

 and fled the city. Garibaldi, indeed, voted for the 

 proclamation of the republic in February, drove the 

 French expeditionary force under Oudinot from the 

 Porta San Pancrazio in -April, and routed the 

 Neapolitans at Palestrina and Velletri in May, 

 sending them pell-mell over the frontier. Mean- 

 time, however, Mazzini had been inveigled by 

 Oudinot into an armistice ; and, being abundantly 

 reinforced, the French proceeded to lay siege to 

 Rome. Garibaldi was recalled, much to his disgust. 

 He had refused the dictatorship on June 2, and 

 on July 3, after a brilliant defence, he was forced 

 to abandon his post. He retreated, pursued by the 

 Austrians, to the Adriatic, where poor Anita, worn 

 out by suffering and anxiety, died, and was buried in 

 the sand. Garibaldi was at length arrested by the 

 orders of the Sardinian government at Chiavari, 

 and requested to leave Italy, much to the indigna- 

 tion of the people. He betook himself to Staten 

 Island, New York, where he worked for eighteen 

 months as a candlemaker, then became captain 

 of various merchantmen, paying a visit to New- 

 castle, where he declined a popular demonstration. 



He returned to Italy in 1854, and had settled 

 down as a farmer on the island of Caprera, when in 

 1859 the outbreak of the war of Italian liberation 

 called him to arms once more. He was summoned 

 to Turin by Cavour in February, and at once 

 placed his sword at the disposal of Victor Em- 

 manuel. Though frequently thwarted by the 

 Sardinian generals, Garibaldi and his ' chasseurs of 

 the Alps ' rendered valuable service to the allies, 

 especially at Varese in the Valtelline (May 25). 

 Alter the peace of Villafranca, Garibaldi, with the 

 permission of Victor Emmanuel, went into central 

 Italy as second in command, and helped to con- 

 summate the annexation of the territories to 

 Sardinia, but was not allowed as he desired to 

 march on Rome. He was cut to the quick when 

 his native Nice was handed over to France, and 

 declaimed against Cavour in the chamber at Turin. 

 Meanwhile the Mazzinists had been busily con- 

 spiring against the effete Bourbon tyranny in the 

 Two Sicilies, and Garibaldi, in spite of Cavour's 

 efforts to prevent him, prepared to come to the 

 rescue. The enterprise appeared dangerous in the 

 extreme ; but, as the English cabinet insisted on the 

 neutrality of France, the Bourbons could look for 

 no foreign assistance, and ' the thousand heroes ' 

 on landing at Marsala on May 11 met but a 

 feeble enemy. With the exception of the garrison 

 of Milazzo, which capitulated after a battle on 

 July 24, the disaffected troops of Francis II. 

 fought half-heartedly enough, and within three 

 months Sicily was free. Promptly crossing the 

 straits (August 29) Garibaldi began his military 



