(JAKIHALDI 



(JARMC 



87 



h 



3 



pioiuenade through Naples, and entered tin- capital 

 (September 7) amid tue cheers of King Fraud.*' 

 Mi|>8. After a lust stand on the Volturno on 

 tol>cr 1, the Bourbons i (ink refuge in the citadel 



>t <iaeta. Then Victor Kinrnanuel, having heen 

 looted sovereign of the Two Sicilies by a plebiscite, 

 arrived at Naples, and Garibaldi, refusing all 

 reward, resigned his dictatorship and retired to 

 i .ipn-ra. His conduct entailed a quarrel with the 

 ll'-pul'li.-an party, and he was besides disgusted by 

 tin* refusal of the Italian ministry to enrol his 

 M-terana in the regular army, and at not being 

 allowed to march on Koine and destroy the hated 

 papal government. In this he saw the hand of 

 Cavour, but later publications show that he was 

 mistaken as far as tne volunteers were concerned. 

 During the ensuing years Home was the centre of 



is thoughts, though shared with schemes for 

 >tining up rebellion in Hungary, and so causing 

 t!i" Austrian^ to withdraw from Venice, and in 

 I siii> he embarked on a rash expedition against the 

 Capital. If the king and the weak Kattam cabinet 

 did not actually egg him on, as Garibaldi said they 

 did, they at all events sat still and allowed him to 

 compromise himself, and then sent troops against 

 him, by whom Garibaldi was taken prisoner at 

 Aspromonte after he had given orders to his troops 

 not to fire (August 28). Badly wounded in the 

 foot. Garibaldi was detained for two months as 

 prisoner at Spezzia, and was then allowed to 

 return to Caprera. He next paid a visit to Eng- 

 land to induce the government to espouse the 

 cause of Denmark, and was received with the 

 wildest enthusiasm ; but failing to effect the object 

 of .his journey, he returned abruptly home at 

 the request of the cabinet. In the war of 1866 

 he once more commanded the 'Red Shirts' in 



'yrol, but, though both his sons Menotti and 



iicciotti proved worthy of their father, the cam- 

 paign as a whole was not marked by very brilliant 

 affairs. Garibaldi accused the government of neg- 

 lecting to forward men and arms, and their conduct 

 seems to have been marked by unworthy suspicions. 

 Venice was now ceded to Italy, but Rome still 

 remained unredeemed, and, untaught by his previ- 

 ous adventures, Garibaldi in the following year 

 made his last attempt on the Holy City. Arrested 

 on Septeml>er 22 by the Italian government whose 

 hands were tied by the convention with France of 

 1864 he escaped from Caprera in a boat, and 

 placing himself at the head of the volunteers, 

 defeated the papal troops on October 25 at 

 Monterotondo. On November 3, however, the 

 Zouaves, reinforced by a body of French armed 

 with the deadly chassepot, utterly routed him at 

 Montana. Once more he was allowed to retire to 

 Caprera, whence in 1870 he sent for publication 

 two novels, entitled CatUoni il voluntario and 

 delta, ovvero il Governo del Monaco. The latter has 

 been translated into English under the title of the 

 'Rule of the Monk,' but it must be confessed that 

 Garibaldi did not shine as an author, and that the 

 average schoolboy could write as well. In 1872, 

 however, he published a third romance, // Mille, 

 based on the events of the Sicilian expedition. In 

 1870, though at first a sympathiser with Germany, 

 owing to his hatred of Napoleon III., he resolved to 

 come to the assistance of the French Republic. 

 Qambetta did not receive him with much en- 

 thusiasm, but eventually placed him in command 

 of the volunteers of the Vosges. Badly crippled 

 by rheumatism, however, and hopelessly out- 

 numbered, he confined his movements to the 

 neighbourhood of Dijon and Autun. Even so his 

 troops distinguished themselves, especially on 20th 

 January 1871, when Ricciotti beat off a body of 

 Prussian Pomeranians near Dijon. The Prussian 

 general, ManteuH'el, has left a favourable estimate 



of his tactics during the campaign. GarilwJdi 

 was elected to the Assembly at Bordeaux by Dijon, 

 Nice, and Paris, but, as a foreigner, wan not 

 allowed to address the deputies. 



During the remainder of hit* life he remained a 

 helpless invalid at Caprera, except on occasion* like 

 that in 1874, when In- took his neat in the ('hamler 

 of Deputies at Rome- ; and through the generosity 

 of his English friends he became entire proprietor 

 of the island. In 1880 the marriage into which In- 

 had been entrapped by an adventuress as far back as 

 1859 was annulled, and he was promptly united to 

 Francesca, his peasant-companion, who had origin- 

 ally come to the island as nurse to the children of 

 his daughter Teresa, the wife of Stefano Canzio, 

 one of nis officers. During the last years of his 

 life manifestoes poured from his pen, in which pro- 

 fessions of devotion to the Sardinian dynasty 

 alternated with the wildest republicanism ; and his 

 simplicity, like that of Victor Hugo, was easily 

 persuaded to endorse any document containing the 

 commonplaces of cosmopolitanism. But he was 

 ever constant to the ideal of his youth, the unity 

 of the Italian-speaking race. Thence came his 

 participation in the ' Irridentist ' agitation ; thence 

 too his undying hatred of the papacy. More 

 practical was his advocacy of the creation of 

 a mercantile navy and the reorganisation of the 

 arniy, and his interest in the drainage of the 

 Campagna and the diversion of the Tiber ; but 

 the last project had no adequate result. His 

 religious views latterly embraced a somewhat 

 elementary pantheism : ' God did not make man,' 

 he wrote, 'out man made God,' and death he 

 looked upon as a transmutation of matter. 

 On 2d June 1882 he died, and was sincerely 

 mourned, not only by his fellow : countrymen, but 

 by the lovers of liberty throughout Europe. For 

 though as a soldier he was perhaps nothing more 

 than a good commander of irregulars, and though 

 his ignorance of political considerations sometimes 

 did actual harm to the cause he advocated, yet it 

 would be impossible to overrate the importance to 

 Italian unity of his whole-sou led devotion to his 

 country, a devotion which he communicated to all 

 with whom he came in contact. He will always 

 remain the central figure in the story of Italian 

 independence. 



Garibaldi's autobiography was published in 1887, and 

 an English translation with a supplementary biography 

 by Mine. Mario in 1889. The best general sketches of 

 Garibaldi are to be found in J. T. Bent's Life of Garibaldi, 

 and in Mine. Mario's Garibaldi e i mioi Tempi ( Milan, 

 1884). Elpis Melena's Garibaldi (2 vols. Hanover, 1884) 

 is also incidentally instructive. Garibaldi's speeches were 

 published in 1882, and his letters, edited by E. E. Xiuienes, 

 in 1885. 



Gariep. See ORANGE RIVER. 



Garigliano (ancient Liris ; in its upper course 

 now called Liri), a river of southern Italy, rises in 

 the Abru/zi, west of the former Lake of Fucino, and 

 Hows, after a generally southerly course of 90 miles, 

 into the Gulf of Gaeta. It is navigable below 

 Pontecorvo, and abounds with fish. ( >n its banks 

 in 1503 was fought a famous battle between the 

 French and the Spaniards, commanded by Gonsalvo 

 de Cordova, in which the former we're totally 

 routed, though Bayard is said single-handed to 

 have held the bridge against 200 Spaniards. 



Garlic (Allium sativiim, see AI.I n M . an herb 

 cultivated from the earliest ages on account of its 

 wholesome and characteristically flavoured bulbs. 

 These break readily up into a dozen or more ' cloves ' 

 or subordinate bulbs, which are the developed 

 axillary buds of the exhausted scale-leaves of 

 the parent bulb; and this circumstance is of much 

 service, alike in cultivation and in regulating 



