GAHNKTT 



GARONNE 





forms a ver\ con>ideiable part of certain kinds of 

 rock, a garnet-rock, eklo^ite, mid granulite. 



MIII/III MII alumina Canttts. These arc somewhat 

 uncommon tin- be-t known being the black garnet* 

 Iioin Arendal in Norway. Another is /';//-o//c, which 

 i-* t iaii>pareiit and of a blood-red colour. ( 'nrlnincl,: 

 (c|.v. ) is the name given by lapidaries to a pvrope. 

 cut en calnn-linii or 'tallow-drop.' It occurs in 

 -erpcijiine and in I IK- loos.- soils derived from UK; 

 hrcaking-up of tliat rock, as in Holieinia, where it is 



used its a g It docs not occur in crystals, but 



in rounded or angular grains. 



Maiii/niii-.ti 1 id iimiiiii (larni-ts are met with, chiefly 

 in small grains and crystals in schists and granites, 

 near Aschaffeiiburg, in Spessart (Franconia); in 

 the Ardennes, Piedmont, Connecticut, &c. The 

 l-'ranconian locality has given its name to this 

 Daniel Spessartinc, which is of a deep hyacinth or 

 brownish-red. Many of the garnets which occur in 

 the granites of Scotland are rich in magnesia, but 

 from the abundance of ferric oxide which they 

 contain they are included under the iron-alumina 

 group. 



Lime-iron Garnets. Of these the most important 

 is Melunite, velvet-black and opaque ; it occurs as a 

 rock-constituent in various volcanic rocks ( phono- 

 lite, leucite-lava, and tuff), as at Frascati (Albano 

 Mountains, near Rome), Laacher See, near the 

 Rhine, OberWgen (Kaiserstuhl), &c. Other 

 varieties are Topazolite, yellow, green, and greenish- 

 yellow; Aplome, green, brownish, and sometimes 

 yellow. 



Lime-chrome Garnets. Uwarowite, an emerald- 

 green garnet, translucent at the edges, found in 

 the Urals. 



The garnets of commerce are brought from 

 Bohemia, Ceylon, Pegu, and Bra/il ; the most 

 esteemed kinds (coming originally from Syriam, in 

 Pegu) are vulgarly called Syrian garnets. They 

 are violet-purple ; and now and again very fine 

 specimens almost vie in colour with the oriental 

 amethyst. The stones vary in size from the smallest 

 that can be worked to the size of a hazel-nut. 

 Larger ones are common enough, but these are 

 rarely free from Haws or impurities. 



Garnett, RICHARD, philologist, was l>orn at 

 Otley, in Yorkshire, in 1789. He had already tried 

 commerce and the church, when in 1838 he found 

 his work in the appointment of assistant- keeper of 

 printed books at the British Museum. He died in 

 1860. One of the founders of the Philological 

 Society, he contributed many striking papers (on 

 Celtic subjects, largely) to its Proceedings and to 

 the Quarterly Review. These were collected by 

 his son in Philological Essays (1859). RICHARD, 

 his son, was born at Lichfield, February 27, 

 1 *.'{.">, and appointed in 1851 assistant in the 

 printed book department of the British Museum, 

 where also he became superintendent of the 

 reading-room in 1875. This office he resigned 

 in 1884 to devote himself to the printing or the 

 Museum Catalogue; in 1896 he became Keeper of 

 the Printed Books. LL.D. of Edinburgh since 1883, 

 lie has published several volumes of verse ; Relwsof 

 Shelley (IS&2), Selections of Shelley's Poem* (1880) 

 .MM! Letters (1882); De Quincey's English Opium 

 Eater (1885); a sensible little book on Carlyle 

 (1883); a volume of humorous and satirical prose 

 tales, The Twilight of the Gods ( 1888) ; and a book 

 on the literature of The Age of Dryden (1895). 

 The article on Milton in the present work is from 

 ln> pen. He retired in 1899, and is C.B. 



Gamier, FRANCIS, sailor and traveller, was 

 born at St Etienne, 25th July 1839, and entering 

 the navy fought in the Chinese war (1860-62)" 

 Appointed to a post in French Cochin-China, 

 he promoted a great exploring expedition, of which 



In- ultimately assumed the command. Starting 

 from the roast of Cambodia (q.v.), the expedi- 

 tion travelled to Shanghai by way of Yunnan. Ho 

 took part in the defence of Pans in IS70-71, and 

 subsequently travelled again in China. In the 

 Tonkin war he took Hanoi, but was killed, 2d 

 I' ...... '"I" i 1x73. His chief work in Voyage d*Ex- 



plorattpH <>i I lulu-Chine (2 vols. 1873). 'See Petit'u 

 i'rain-is tiarniff (Paris, 1885). 



Gamier, ROHEKT (1534-90), a French trage- 



dian, the most distinguished of the predecessors of 

 < orneille ( see DRAMA ). Editions of his plays have 

 appeared at Paris (1607), Rouen (1618), anil Heil- 

 bron n (18X3). 



Garnier-Pages, ETIENNE JOSEPH Louis, was 

 born at Marseilles, 27th December 1801, and 

 practised there as an advocate, but at Paris in 1830 

 took a conspicuous part in the July revolution, 

 and in 1831 became a prominent member o f the 

 Chamber. He died 23d June 1841.- His half- 

 brother, Louis ANTOINE, born 16th July 1803, also 

 shared in the July revolution, and succeeded hi- 

 brother in the Chamber, leading the extreme Left. 

 He became in 1848 mayor of Paris and finance- 

 minister of the provisional government; was a 

 republican member of the Corps Legislatif in 1864 ; 

 and was a member of the provisional government of 

 1871. He died in Paris, 31st October 1878. He 

 wrote the Histoire de la Revolution de 1848 ( 1861- 

 62), and L 'Opposition et r Empire ( 1872). 



Garnishee. In English law, to garnish ( Fr. 

 garnir) is to warn, ami the garnishee is a person 

 warned not to pay money which he owes to another, 

 because the latter is indebted to the garnisher who 

 gives the warning. See ATTACHMENT. 



Garofalo, the name by which the painter 

 Benyenuto Tisi or Tisio is known. He spent most of 

 his life (1481-1559) in Ferrara, where he was born ; 

 but spent three years in Rome in association with 

 Raphael, on whom he modelled his style. 



Garo Hills, a mountainous district forming the 

 south-west corner of Assam, with an area of 3270 

 sq. in., and a pop. (1891) of 121,570. In the Tura 

 range (4950 ft. ) the rainfall ia 126 inches 



Garonne (anc. Garumna), the principal river in 

 the south-west of France, rises within the Spanish 

 frontier in the Val d'Aran, at the base of Mount 

 Maladetta, in the Pyrenees, 6142 feet above sea- 

 level. About 26 miles from its source it enters the 

 French territory in the department of Haute 

 Garonne, flows in a general north-east course to 

 Toulouse, then bends to the north-west, and con- 

 tinues to flow in that direction until, joined by the 

 Dprdogne, about 20 miles below Bordeaux, and 

 widening afterwards into the estuary which bears 

 the name of the Gironde, it enters the Atlantic at 

 the Pointe de Grave. The estuary, the largest in 

 France, is nearly 50 miles long. The total length 

 of the river is about 346 miles ; it drains an area of 

 some 22,020 sq. m. Its navigation, which, however, 

 is much impeded above Toulouse, commences for 

 small craft at Cazeres ; ocean steamers go up to 

 Bordeaux. Its principal affluents are the Tarn, 

 Lot, and Dordogne, on the right ; and on the left, 

 the Save, Cers, and liaise. At Toulouse it is joined 

 by the Canal du Midi, which, running eastward 

 to the Mediterranean, forms with the Garonne a 

 means of communication between that sea and the 

 Atlantic; and the rivers own canal lateral, starting 

 also from Toulouse, runs along the right bank, 

 receives the Montauban Canal, and spans several 

 streams in its course, crossing the Garonne itself 

 at Ag^en by a magnificent viaduct, and returning to 

 the river at Castets, after a total length of 120 

 miles. The valley of the Garonne is noted for the 

 beauty of its scenery, but is liable to destructive 

 inundations, the most memorable being that of 



