90 



GARONNE 



GARRISON 



1875, when damage to the amount of 85 million 

 francs was caused. 



Garonne, HAUTE, a department in the south 

 of France, embracing portions of ancient Gascony 

 and Languedoc, has an area of 2428 sq. m. , and a 

 pop. ( 1872 ) of 479,362 ; ( 1891 ) 472,383. It is watered 

 throughout by the Garonne, from which it derives 

 its name, and within the basin of which it wholly 

 lies. Occupied in the south by a branch of the 

 Pyrenean range, the slope of tlie department and 

 the course of its streams are toward the north and 

 north-east. Apart from this southern mountainous 

 region, the department is hilly and fertile. The 

 soil in the valleys is remarkably productive, and 

 bears heavy crops of wheat, maize, flax, hemp, 

 potatoes, and rape-seed. Orchard fruits and chest- 

 nuts are produced in abundance, and the annual 

 yield of wme is about 20,000,000 gallons, two-thirds 

 of which is exported. Mineral springs and baths 

 are very plentiful. The chief manufactures are 

 woollen and cotton fabrics, paper, and hardware. 

 The department is divided into the four arrondisse- 

 ments of Toulouse, Muret, St Gaudens, and Ville- 

 franche, with Toulouse as capital. 



Garotte. See GARROTTE. 



Gar-pike (Belone), a genus of bony fishes in 

 the family Scombresocidre, not far from the true 

 pikes (Esocidre). They have long bodies, and both 

 jaws are prolonged into a slender beak, beset with 

 roughnesses and widely set teeth. They swim 

 actively, with an undulating motion, near the 

 surface, and catch small fishes in their jaws. The 

 common Gar-pike (B. vulgaris or B. belone) is 

 frequent off British coasts, and is sometimes 

 called Greenbone, from the colour of the bones 

 ( especially after cooking), Gorebill, from its char- 

 acteristic beak, or Mackerel-guide, because it visits 



Gar-pike (Belone vulgaris). 



the coasts just before the mackerel. It is usually 

 about two feet in length, is often brought to the 

 London market, and forms a wholesome dish, in 

 flavour somewhat like mackerel. About fifty 

 species are known from tropical and temperate 

 seas, some twice - as long as the British species. 

 The young forms have at first jaws of a normal 

 size, and in growth the lower outstrips the upper. 

 The name Gar-pike is sometimes applied to the 

 far-removed Ganoid, Lepidosteus, or Bony Pike 

 (q.v.). 



Garrett, ELIZABETH. See ANDERSON. 



Garrick, DAVID, actor, manager, and drama- 

 tist, was born on 20th February 1717, at Hereford, 

 where his father, Captain Peter Garrick, was then 

 stationed. Lichfield, however, was the home of 

 the Garricks, and it was in the grammar-school 

 there that David received the chief part of his 

 education, for he must have been in his nineteenth 

 or twentieth year before he was sent to study 

 Latin and Greek under Samuel Johnson, at Edial 

 near Lichfield. His tuition by Johnson lasted for 

 only a few months, and its well-known result was 

 the setting out of master and pupil together, on 

 the morning of 2d March 1737, to journey to 

 London ; Garrick to study ' mathematics, and 

 philosophy, and humane learning,' with a view 

 to the bar ; Johnson ' to try his fate with a 



tragedy, and to see to get himself employed in 

 some translation, either from the Latin or the 

 French.' But circumstances brought Garriok's 

 legal studies to nothing, and in 1738 he became 

 a wine-merchant, in partnership with his eldest 

 brother, Peter. Samuel Foote in after years used 

 to say that ' he remembered Garrick living in 

 Durham Yard, with three quarts of vinegar in 

 the cellar, calling himself a wine-merchant.' 

 Garrick, there is no doubt, already had the stage 

 fever, and his attention was probably more taken 

 up with plays and players than with business, so 

 it is not surprising that in 1740 the partnership 

 was dissolved. Garrick then devoted his mind to 

 preparing himself for his intended profession, and 

 in the summer of 1741 made his first appear- 

 ance as an actor. He did not venture at once 

 to play in London, but went through a short 

 probationary season at Ipswich, playing under the 

 name of Lyddal. His first part was Aboan in 

 Southerne's Oroonoko, which he chose because 

 Aboan's black face disguised him and gave him 

 greater confidence. He subsequently played with 

 great success several other parts, including Harle- 

 quin. On 19th October 1741 he appeared in 

 London at the theatre in .Goodman's Fields, of 

 which his friend GifFard was manager. Richard 

 III. was his first character, and his success 

 was so great that within a few weeks the two 

 patent theatres were deserted, and crowds flocked 

 to the unfashionable East-end playhouse. But 

 Goodman's Fields had no license, so the managers 

 of Drury Lane and Covent Garden set the law 

 in motion and had the theatre closed. Garrick 

 played at both the patent theatres, but ultimately 

 settled at Drury Lane, of which he became joint- 

 patentee with James Lacy in 1747. Until 1776 

 he continued to direct the leading theatre, and 

 in that year he retired from the stage and from 

 management, his successor in the direction of 

 the theatre being Richard Brinsley Sheridan. 

 During this period Garrick was himself the great 

 attraction and played continually, his only long 

 rest being a trip to the Continent from 1763 to 

 1765, at which time he fancied that his popularity 

 was in danger of diminishing. His farewell 

 appearance was made on 10th June 1776, when 

 he played Don Felix in the comedy of The Wonder. 

 He died on 20th January 1779, and was buried in 

 Westminster Abbey, where a hideously theatrical 

 monument was erected to his memory. As an 

 actor, Garrick occupies the first rank. At his 

 coming the stage was given over to formality and 

 tradition, but these disappeared before the new 

 actor whose leading characteristic was naturalness. 

 He possessed also the most astonishing versatility, 

 being equally at home in tragedy, comedy, or 

 farce in Lear, Don Felix, or Abel Drugger. As 

 a man, he has been charged with meanness, vanity, 

 and petty jealousy ; but his faults of character 

 were grossly exaggerated by those who envied his 

 fame, and they were more than balanced by his 

 many excellent qualities. Garrick's dramatic pro- 

 ductions, some forty in number, are of minor 

 importance, but some of his numerous prologues 

 and epilogues are excellent. Garrick married in 

 June 1749 a good and excellent woman, Eva Maria 

 Violette, the celebrated dancer. She long survived 

 him, dying in 1822, at the great age of ninety- 

 seven. See Fitzgerald's Life of David Garrick ( 1868 ), 

 and that by Joseph Knight (1894). 



Garrison, WILLIAM LLOYD, journalist and 

 abolitionist, was born at NeAvburyport, Massa- 

 chusetts, December 10, 1805. His father was a 

 man of literary taste and ability, but, falling into 

 dissolute habits, deserted his wife, who, to support 

 her family, had to turn professional nurse. William, 

 who had previously tried shoemaking and cabinet 



