112 



GASTON DE FOIX 



GATESHEAD 



to the articles on MOLLUSCS and on EMBRYOLOGY ; 

 but it may be noted that the ovum divides more 

 or less unequally, according to the amount of yolk, 

 that a gastrula-stage occurs as usual, and that this 

 is succeeded in typical cases, first by a ' Trocho- 

 sphere' and afterwards by a 'Veliger' larva (see 

 MOLLUSCA). 



General Interest. As voracious animals, furnished 

 with powerful rasping organs, many Gasteropods 

 play an important part in the struggle for existence 

 among marine organisms, while other terrestrial 

 forms are most destructive devastators of vegetable 

 and flowering plants. The manner in which num- 

 erous plants are saved from the ravages of snails, 

 by their chemical and physical characters, is an 

 interesting subject of investigation recently worked 

 out by Professor E. Stahl. From very early times, 

 various Gasteropods, such as whelks, have been 

 utilised for human consumption and also as bait, 

 while yet more frequently the shells, often so beau- 

 tiful in form and colour, have been used for the 

 decoration of the person and the dwelling, for the 

 basis of cameos, as domestic utensils, or even as 

 weapons, and in many other ways. From the 

 mucous glands of the roof of the gill-cavity in 

 the genera Purpura and Murex, there exudes the 

 famous secretion, at first colourless, but afterwards 

 becoming purple or violet, which furnished the 

 ancient Tyrian dye. 



See CHITON, LIMPET, MOLLUSCA, HETEHOPODA, SNAIL, 

 WHELK, and articles dealing with various Gasteropods 

 above mentioned. Also the zoological text-books of 

 Claus, Gegenbaur, Huxley, &c. ; Hatchett Jackson's ed. of 

 Rolleston's Forms of Animal Life (Oxford, 1888); Kefer- 

 stein's ' Mollusca,' in Bronn's Thierreich (1862-66); E. 

 Ray Lanlcester, article ' Mollusca,' Ency. Brit. ( vol. xvL 

 1883) ; Woodward, Manual of Mollusca (3d ed. 1875). 



Gaston de Foix. See FOIX. 

 Gastraea, Gastrula. See EMBRYOLOGY. 

 Gastralgia. See CARDIA. 

 Gastric Fever. See TYPHOID FEVER. 

 Gastric Juice. See DIGESTION. 

 Gastritis. See STOMACH ( DISEASES OF ). 

 Gastrochie'na, a genus of boring bivalves, 

 not far removed from Teredo and Pholas, but type 

 of a distinct family, Gastrochrenidse, which also 

 includes the remarkable Aspergillum (q.v.) and 

 Clavagella (q.v.). The original shell has the two 

 valves typical of Lamellibranchs ; but these are 

 delicate, and become surrounded by a secondary 

 tubular shell lining the cavity which the mollusc 

 bores in limestone, coral, other shells, &c. G. 



modiolina, a 

 rare British 

 mollusc, com- 

 mon in the 

 Mediterranean, 

 makes holes 

 about two 

 inches deep and 

 half an inch in 

 diameter. It 

 sometimes bores 

 right through 

 an oyster into 

 the ground 

 below, and 

 makes for itself, 

 plus little stones and particles of debris, a flask- 

 shaped case, with its neck fixed in the oyster-shell. 

 The tubes of some of the tropical species e.g. G. 

 clava, from the Indian Ocean, which live in sand 

 are very curious. 



Gastro'stomy (Gr. gaster, 'the belly or 

 stomach ; ' and stoma, ' mouth ' ), an operation 

 performed for the relief of stricture of the gullet, to 



Gastrochaena Modiolina : 

 a, one of the tubes broken open, showing 

 the valves. 



save the patient from the imminent risk of starva- 

 tion by introducing food directly into the stomach 

 through an external opening. The well-known case 

 of Alexis St Martin, a Canadian, in whom in conse- 

 quence of a gunshot wound there was a fistulous 

 opening into the interior of his stomach, the success 

 of operations for the removal of foreign bodies from 

 the stomach, and numerous experiments on the 

 lower animals, led to this attempt to save life ; and 

 when it is not delayed too long it has proved suc- 

 cessful in a fair proportion of cases. 



Gastro'toiny ( Gr. gaster and tome, ' an in- 

 cision'), an incision into the cavity of the Abdomen 

 (q.v. ) generally for the purpose of removing some 

 diseased texture or foreign body. The term has 

 also been applied to Csesarean Operation (q.v.). 



Gataker, THOMAS, English divine, was born 

 in London in 1574, and educated at St John's 

 College, Cambridge. In succession preacher at 

 Lincoln's Inn, rector of Rotherhithe, and member 

 of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster, he 

 opposed the imposition of the Covenant, and was 

 one of the forty-seven London clergymen who con- 

 demned the trial of Charles I. He died in 1654. 

 His works include Of the Nature and Use of Lots 

 (1616); and Cinnus, sive Adversaria Miscellanea 

 ( 1651 ). 



Gatcllina, a town of Russia, 30 miles by rail 

 SSW. of St Petersburg. It has some manufactures 

 of porcelain, and several barracks, but is especially 

 worthy of mention for its royal palace, surrounded 

 by one of the finest pleasure-gardens in Europe, 

 which was the favourite summer seat of the Emperor 

 Paul I., and the winter residence practically, 

 owing to precautions against Nihilists, the prison 

 of Alexander III. Pop. about 12,000. 



Gates, HORATIO, an American general, was 

 born at Maldon, in Essex, England, in 1728. He 

 entered the English army, served in America, where 

 he was major under Braddock, and with difficulty 

 escaped in the defeat in which that officer was 

 slain. On the peace of 1763 he purchased an estate 

 in Virginia, where he resided until the war of inde- 

 pendence. In this struggle he sided with his adop- 

 tive country, and in 1775 was made adjutant- 

 general, with the rank of brigadier, receiving in 

 1776 command of the army which had just retreated 

 from Canada. In August 1777 he superseded 

 Schuyler in command of the northern department; 

 and, principally as the result of his predecessor's 

 able manoeuvres, he was enabled to defeat and com- 

 pel the surrender of the British army at Saratoga 

 in October ( see BuRGOYNE ). This success gained 

 him a great reputation, which probably is account- 

 able for his endeavour to supplant Washington in 

 the chief command of the army; but this failing, 

 he retired to his estate until 1780, when he was 

 called to the command of the army of the South, 

 and in the unfortunate defeat near Camden, in 

 South Carolina, lost the laurels he had previously 

 won. He was superseded, and was not acquitted of 

 blame by court-martial until 1782. He then retired 

 to Virginia till 1790, when he emancipated all his 

 slaves, and settled in New York. There he died 

 on April 10, 1806. 



Gateshead, a town in England, on the 

 northern verge of the county of Durham, and on 

 the south bank of the river Tyne. Governed for 

 centuries by a chief bailiff appointed by the prince- 

 bishop of the palatinate, aided by popularly elected 

 burgesses, Gateshead was enfranchised first as a 

 parliamentary borough in 1832, and secondly as a 

 municipal borough in 1835, whilst in 1888 it be- 

 came a county borough. Its population has grown 

 from 15,177 in 1831 to 25,568 in 1851, 65,855 in 

 1881, and 85,709 in 1891. Thus there is only one 

 urban community along the main line between 



