(JATKSIIKAI) 



GAT8CHINA 



113 



London tunl Kdinburgh which e.\c. head 



in |i<i|iiiliiti<iii ; and tlie exception is tin- city of 

 NewcMtle-upon-Tyne, wliicli is situated directly 

 o|i|insitc i iatcshead on the NortliuiiilM'rlaii<l nr 

 noi them luink of tlie river. The two towns are 

 intimately connected : a splendid suspension bridge 

 (1*71 i joins tlieni at KelheiiL:li ; Stephenson's cele- 

 brated lligh Level ( 1S4! ) connects them hy lotli road 

 and rail ; and a Swing-bridge (1876), wliicli opens to 

 allow the passage of ships, connects the quayside 

 of Newcastle with the principal thoroughfare of 

 Gateshead. This close association of the two 

 communities is not felt to he of advantage to the 

 Durham borough, localise the city on the North- 

 r. in IHM -land side of the Tyne levies under ancient 

 charter local dues on all the river trade, which 

 lioth towns promote, though the emoluments 

 derived therefrom belong exclusively to Newcastle. 

 The older portions of Gateshead have not during 

 recent years been much improved. Many of the 

 old stone buildings have been allowed to fall into 

 considerable decay. Westward and southward ex- 

 tension and improvement are continuous, and the 

 suburbs show many fine villas. The town com- 

 munity is for the greater part industrial. Engine- 

 works, iron-shipyards, electric cable, hempen and 

 wire rope manufactories, chemical works, cement- 

 works, glass-works, and iron-works furnish employ- 

 ment to a large proportion of the inhabitants. 

 The only philanthropic institutions in the town 

 which do not owe their existence to modern 

 public spirit are the grammar-school (1700) and 

 the King James Hospital ( 1611 ) for poor brethren. 



Numerous institutions depend for their support 

 on voluntary contributions and on grants from local 

 rates. These include successful boys' and girls' 

 high schools, excellent swimming-baths, a useful 

 dispensary, a hospital for the isolated treatment 

 of infectious disease, a literary and scientific 

 institute, a school of art, &c. Public libraries 

 (circulating and reference) were inaugurated in 

 1886, which are free to all burgesses. Under the 

 management of an energetic school-board formed 

 in 1872, two higher-grade and some forty element- 

 ary schools educate 25,000 children. A free school 

 was established in 1701. The town-hall and free 

 library are amonir the architectural ornaments 

 of the borouyh. There is a recreation ground on 

 Windmill Hills; and a public park of 50 acres 

 at Saltwell, opened in 1874. Besides other places 

 of worship belonging to the various denominations, 

 there are ten churches of the English establish- 

 ment, including the venerable St Mary's, which 

 in 1080 was the scene of the murder of Bishop 

 Walcher by an English mob. Among places of 

 interest in Gateshead are the site of the fire and 

 explosion of 1854, which cost fifty lives, and 

 destroyed a million pounds' worth of property ; 

 the extensive locomotive works of the North- 

 Eastern Railway Company, the finest in the north 

 of England ; alleged traces of the ancient Roman 

 headway or gate s head, from which the name of 

 the town is said to be derived ; the undoubted 

 residence in the Hillgate district, during the writ- 

 ing of the immortal Robinson Crusoe, of Daniel 

 Defoe ; and the works at which large portions of 

 the first Atlantic cable were manufactured. The 

 .quarries from which the world-famous Newcastle 

 grindstones are obtained are also worked within 

 the precincts of Gateshead, at Gateshead Fell. 

 Gateshead continues to be represented, as in 1832, 

 by one member in the House of Commons. For 

 parliamentary and municipal purposes alike, the 

 county borough is divideu into ten wards. Its 

 governing body consists-of a mayor, ten aldermen, 

 and tliirty councillors. See Richard Welford's 

 History of Newcastle and Gateshead (2 vols. 

 1884-85). 

 216 



Gateway, the passage or opening in which a 

 gate or large door is hung. 'J liis maybe either 

 an op<n way with side pillars or a covered way 

 vaulted nr roofed over. '1 he gateway, leing a moat 

 iiii|.intaiii )>oiiii iii all fortified place*, i* usually 

 protected by various devices. It i- flanked by 

 towers with loopholes, from which assailant* 

 may lie attacked, and is frequently overhung by 

 a machicolated battlement, from which missiles of 

 every description may IKJ |M>ured U|M>H the besiegers. 

 In the middle ages gateways were also fortified 

 with one portcullis or more, and had frequently 

 an outer work or barbican in front of the gate 

 defended with drawbridges. City gates, and gate 

 of large castles, have in all ages leen the subject* 

 of great care in construction ; and when from some 

 cause, such as the cessation of constant fighting, 

 or a change in the mode of warfare, gateways have 

 lost their importance in a military point of view 

 they have maintained their position as important 

 architectural Works, and although no longer forti- 

 fied have become ornamental. In very ancient times 

 we read of the ' gate ' as the most prominent 

 part of a city, where proclamations were made, 

 and where the kings administered justice. The 

 Greek and Roman gates were frequently of great 

 magnificence. The propvlaea at Athens is a 

 beautiful example, and the triumphal arches of 

 the Romans are the ornamental offspring of 

 their city gates. At Antun in France two Roman 

 gateways, and at Treves in Germany one, still 

 exist, and formed the models on which early 

 medieval gateways were designed. Most of the 

 English towns have lost their walls and city 

 gates ; but a few, such as York and Chester, still 

 retain them, and give us an idea of the buildings 

 which formerly existed, but which now remain 

 only in the name of the streets where they once 

 stood. English castles retain more of their ancient 

 gateways, and from these we may imagine the 

 frowning aspect every town presented during the 

 middle ages. Abbeys, colleges, and every class 

 of buildings were shut in and defended by similar 

 barriers ; many of these still exist in Oxford and 

 Cambridge, and the abbey gates of Canterbury 

 and Bury St Edmunds are well-known specimens 

 of monastic gateways. The feeling of personal 

 freedom, which is so strong in England, must 

 no doubt have tended greatly to hasten the demoli- 

 tion of these marks of feudalism ; but in many 

 parts of the Continent we still find these barriers 

 kept up. 



(at li. one of the five chief cities of the Philis- 

 tines, was situated on the frontiers of Judah, and 

 was in consequence a place of much importance 

 in the wars between the Philistines and the 

 Israelites. The famous giant, Goliath, who was 

 slain by the youthful David, was a native. St 

 Jerome describes it in his time as 'a very large 

 village.' Its site (Tel-es-Safieh) is probably the 

 Blanche Garde of the Crusaders, who built a castle 

 here to command the Philistine plain. 



Gatilieail, a river of Quebec, in Canada, has 

 its origin in a chain of lakes lying immediately 

 north of 48 N. lat., and, after a SSW. course 

 estimated at 400 miles, enters the Ottawa River, 

 about a mile l>elow Ottawa city. 



tiatling, RICHARD JORDAN, born in 1818, in 

 Hertford county, North Carolina, studied medicine 

 but never practised, and is known for inventions 

 as various as machines for sowing cotton and rice 

 and for dressing hemp, a steam-plough, and the 

 famous Gatling gun (1861-62), a revolving battery 

 gun, usually having ten parallel barrels, and firing 

 in some cases as many as 1200 shots a minute. See 

 MACHINE GUNS. 



Gatschina. See GATCHINA. 



