120 



GAZETTEER 



GECKO 



teer's or Newsman's Interpreter, being a geographicc 

 index of all the considerable Cities, Patriarchshit. 



ohical 

 ',ips 



. . . Ports, Forts, Castles, &c. in Europe. ' The 

 Title,' he says, ' was given me by a very eminent 

 person whom I forbear to name.' In the preface 

 to the second part (1704), relating to Asia, Africa, 

 and America, he refers to his book brieHy as The 

 Gazetteer. Other compilers soon adopted the con- 

 venient abbreviation. The word was new, but the 

 thing was of ancient date e.g. we still have con- 

 siderable fi'agments of the 6th-century geographical 

 dictionary of Stephanus Byzantius. 



General Gazetteers. The ideally perfect gazetteer would 

 be one in which every place-name in the world was regis- 

 tered and its history recorded. To any one who knows 

 what this would mean, the most extensive ' Universal ' 

 gazetteer must appear amusingly meagre. The following 

 are among the noteworthy works of general scope : 

 Ferrarius, edited by Baudrand (fol. Paris, 1670); Bryce 

 of Exeter, Univ. Gear/. Diet, or Grand Gazetteer (2 vols in 

 1, fol. Lond. 1759 : a remarkable bit of work ) ; Brooke 

 (8vo, Lond. 1778; 16th ed. 1815); Walker, edited by 

 Capper ( 8vo, Lond. 18151; Cruttwell (1793), afterwards 

 incorporated in the Edinhunih Gazetteer ( 1 vol. 1822 ; 2d 

 ed. 6 vols. 1829); Landmann (8vo, Lond. 1835 > ; Maccul- 

 loch (1841-42); Thomson (8vo, Edin. 1842); Fullartoii 

 (25,000 names; 7 vols. Edin. 1850); Blackie's Imperial 

 (2 vols. Glasgow, 1850); Johnston ( 1850 ; new ed. 1877) ; 

 Lippincott, Pron. Gas. of the World (Phila. 1805; new 

 ed., 125, 000 places, 1880 ;with suppl.. 1900): Bouillet. Diet. 

 d'Hist. et de Geog. ( 1857 ) ; Knight's Encyclopedia ( geog. 

 division) ; Ritter's Geog.-stat. Lexikon (2 vols. Leip. 1874, 

 edited by Henne am Rhyn ; new ed. by Lagai, 1883 ) ; 

 Saint-Martin ( 4to, Paris, 1875 et seq. ) ; Oliver and Boyd 

 (8vo, Edin. 1880); Chambers' a Concise Gazetteer of the 

 World ( 8vo, 1895 ) ; Lomjmans' Gazetteer of the World, 

 edited by G. T. Chisholm (4to, London, 1895). 



Special Gazetteers 



AMERICA (NORTH). American Gazetteer (3 vols. Lond. 

 1762); Thomson (4to, Lond. 1812); Davenport (8vo, 

 New York, 1842); Kidder ( Burley's, 8vo, Phila. 1876); 

 Colange, U.S. Gazetteer (8vo, Cincinn. 1884). 



ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. Echard (12mo, Lond. 1715); 

 Macbean (8vo, Lond. 1773); Adam (8vo, Edin. 17i5); 

 Smith (2 vols. 8vo, 1852-57). 



AUSTRALIA. Gordon & Gotch's Australian Handbook, 

 incorporating New Zealand, &c. 



AUSTRIA- HUNGARY. Umlauft, Geoff. Namenbuch 

 ( 1885 ), and local lexicons issued by Statistical Commission. 



BRITISH EMPIRE. Macculloch ( 1837 ) ; Knight ( 2 vols. 

 8vo, Lond. 1853). 



COMMERCIAL. Peuchet (6 vols. 4to, Paris, 1800) ; Mac- 

 culloch ( 8vo, Lond. 1832 ; new ed. 1882). 



EGYPT (ANCIENT). Brugsch (Leip. 1877-80). 



ENGLAND. William Lam bard (born 1536), the writer 

 of the first county history, is also the author of the first 

 gazetteer of England, though the work did not appear in 

 print till 1730. A Book of the Names of all Parishes, &c. 

 ( 4to, Lond. 1657 ) ; John Adams, Index Villaris ( fol. 

 Lond. 1680); Whatley, England's Gazetteer (3 vols. 

 12mo, Lond. 1751) ; Luckombe (3 vols. 12mo, Lond. 

 1790) Carlisle (2 vols. 4 to, Lond. 1808); Capper (8vo, 

 Lond. 1808) ; Gorton (3 vols. 8vo, Lond. 1831-33); Ball 

 (8vo, Glasgow, 1832); Cobbett (8vo, Lond. 1832); 

 Parliamentary Gazetteer (4 vols. 4to, Lond. 1842) ; Lewis 

 (7th ed. 4 vols. 4to, Lond. 1849) ; Dugdale & Blanchard 

 (8vo, Lond. 1860) ; Wilson (2 vols. 8vo, Edin. 1866-69). 



FRANCE. Few countries, if any, are more thoroughly 

 gazetteered than France. It is enough to mention Gindre 

 de Nancy (1874), Joanne (3d ed. 1886), and the great 

 series of departmental gazetteers brought out by the 

 ministry of Public Instruction (1861, &c.). 



GERMANY. Neumann, Geographisches Lexikon des 

 Deutschen Reiches (Leip. 1883). 



GREAT BRITAIN. Sharp (2 vols. Lond. 1863) ; Hamil- 

 ton (3 vols. 4to, Lond. 1868) ; Beeton (8vo, Lond. 1870) ; 

 Bartholomew (60,000 names, 8vo, Edin. 1887); Cassell 

 (Lond. 1893 et seq.} ; Mackenzie (Glasgow, 1893 et seq.). 



INDIA. Hamilton ( 8vo, Lond. 1815 ); Thornton, Gaz. 

 of the Countries adjacent to India on the N. W. ( 2 vols. 

 1844 ) ; Thornton, Gaz. of the Territories under the E. 1. 

 Company (4 vols. 1854 ; 1 vol. 1857, new ed. by Sir Roper 

 Lethbridge and A. N. Wollaston, 8vo. 1886); Hunter, 

 Gaz. of Indii (20 vols. 8vo, 1875-77; 2d ed. 1885-87). 



Numerous gazetteers for the several states have been 

 compiled at the cost of the government ; some of them, 

 as that on Afghanistan, are hardly obtainable. 



ITALY. Zuccagni Orlandini, Coroffrafia (15 vols. 1844, 

 &c.) ; Repetti, Diz. delta Toscana (6 vols. Flor. 1833-46) ; 

 Amati (8 vols. Flor. 1868, &c.) ; Altavilla (8vo, Turin, 

 1875). 



IRELAND. Seward (12mo, Dublin, 1789); Carlisle 

 (4to, Lond. 1810); Lewis (4to, Lond. 1837); Lawson 

 (12mo, Edin. 1842); Parliamentary Gazetteer (3 vols. 

 8vo, Lond. 1844-46); Leggatt (8vo, Lond. 1879). 



RUSSIA. Semenoff, in Russian (1862-86). 



SCOTLAND. Macpherson, Geographical Illustrations of 

 Scottish History, containing the names mentioned in 

 Chronicles, &c. (4to, Lond. 1796) ; Gazetteer (8vo, Dundee, 

 1803; 2d ed. Edin. 1806); Carlisle (2 vols. 4to, Lond. 

 1813); Webster (8vo, Edin. 1817); Chambers (8vo, 

 Edin. 1832); Topographical . . . Gazetteer (2 vols. 4to, 

 Glasgow, 1842 ) ; Comprehensive Gazetteer ( 12mo, Glas- 

 gow, 1846); Wilson (2 vols. 8vo, Edin. 1854-57); 

 Ordnance Gaz. (edited by F. H. Grooine, 3 vols. 8vo, 

 Edin. 1882-85). 



SPAIN. Madoz (1846-50), Mariana y Sanz (1886). 



SWEDEN. Hist. -geog. Lex. (8vo, 7 vols. Stockholm, 

 1859-66 ) ; Rosenberg ( 1881-83 ). 



SWITZERLAND. Weber < 2d ed. 1886). 



Compare articles on the several countries. 



Gazogene. See AERATED WATERS. 



Gearing, a term applied to the machinery 

 which communicates motion from one part of a 

 machine to another, and may consist or toothed- 

 wheels, endless bands, &c. When the communica- 

 tion is interrupted, it is out of gear ; and when 

 restored, in gear. Straight gearing is used when 

 the planes of motion are parallel ; bevelled gearing, 

 when the direction is changed. Gearing may also 

 be 'multiplying' or retarding i.e. increasing or 

 diminishing the original velocity. 



Gebhardt, OSKAR VON, was born at Wesen- 

 berg in Esthonia, 22d June 1844, studied theology 

 at Dorpat, Tubingen, Erlangen, Gottingen, and 

 Leipzig, and since 1875 has been engaged as a 

 librarian at Strasburg, Leipzig, Halle, Gottingen 

 (1880), and Berlin (1884). He has edited Pair urn, 

 Apostolicoriim Opera (with Harnack and Zahn ; 

 3 vols. Leip. 1875-78), Evangeliorum Codex Ros- 

 sanensis (with Harnack; 1880), and Texte und 

 Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen 

 Litteratur (with Harnack; vols. i.-v. 1883-88). 

 Since 1881 he has re-edited Tischendorfs text of 

 the New Testament. 



Gebir, or GEBER. Under this name are current 

 several works on alchemy and chemistry. The 

 history of the real author is so shrouded in mystery 

 that his existence has been denied, and Gebir 

 looked upon as a mythical personage. He is 

 usually identified with Jabir ibn Haijan, a cele- 

 brated Arabic alchemist in the 8th century. His 

 birthplace is given differently as Harran in Meso- 

 potamia, Tarsus, and Kufa ; he is said to have 

 resided at Damascus and Kufa, and to have died 

 in 776. The principal writings which go under the 

 name of Gebir, are Summa Perfectionis (see 

 ALCHEMY) ; Summa Collectionis Complementi Sec- 

 retorum Natures, ; Testamentum ; Liber Investiga- 

 tionis ; and two tractates on spherical triangles 

 and astronomy. 



Gebirol, or GABIROL. See AVICEBRON. 



Gebweiler (Fr. Guebwiller), a town of Alsace- 

 Lorraine, at the foot of the Vosges, 15 miles SSW. 

 of Colmar, has a 12th-century church, cotton-spin- 

 ning and weaving, dye-works, machine-factories, 

 and vineyards. Pop. (1890) 12,300. 



Gecko, a group of lizards constituting a 

 family, Geckotidse, which have been divided into 

 a large number of genera, including more than 200 

 species. The geckos are of small size, the colours 

 of most of them are dull, and the small granular 

 scales with which they are covered are in general 



