122 



GEDROSIA 



GEIBEL 



keeps her place among the worthies of Scottish 

 history. The credulous may even see her stool 

 in the Antiquaries' Museum at Edinburgh. See 

 Dr Lees's St Giles', Edinburgh ( 1889). 



Gedrosia. See BELUCHISTAN. 



Geelong, a city of Victoria, is picturesquely 

 situated on the south side of Corio Bay, 45 miles 

 SW. of Melbourne by rail. It is well laid out, 

 abounds in attractive shops, and has some hand- 

 some buildings. The river Barwon forms ' the 

 southern boundary of the city, and 3 miles farther 

 spreads into the Connewarre Lakes, falling into the 

 sea at Point Flinders. The gold discoveries in 

 1851 added to the prosperity of Geelong, which 

 had been incorporated as a town in 1849, and 

 became a principal seat of the wool trade the first 

 woollen mill in Victoria being erected in Geelong. 

 Alongside of the railway jetty the largest ships 

 can load and discharge, and there are three other 

 jetties for smaller vessels. Through the bar at the 

 entrance to Corio Bay a channel has been dredged 

 for the convenience of steamer traffic. The dis- 

 trict is exceedingly fertile ; the Barrabool Hills 

 on the west bank of the Barwon are covered with 

 farms and orchards, but the vineyards have 

 been destroyed under the Phylloxera Act. Lime- 

 stone and a kind of marble are found in the 

 neighbourhood. There are various industries carried 

 on, especially the manufacture of woollen cloths 

 and paper, meat-preserving, tanning, rope-making, 

 fishing, &c. The Exhibition Hall and general pro- 

 duce exchange, theatre, and assembly rooms com- 

 bined, stands in the market-square. The city is 

 lighted with gas ; is supplied with water from 

 Stony Creek reservoirs ana the river Moorabool ; 

 and has two parks, botanical gardens, government 

 buildings, a town-hall, a new post-office (1889), 

 an excellent hospital, a chamber of commerce, 

 mechanics' institute, grammar-school, and five 

 newspapers. Corio Bay is a favourite bathing- 

 resort ; and on the eastern boundary of the town 

 are extensive limestone quarries. Pop., including 

 the suburbs ( 1871 ) 22,618 ; ( 1891 ) 24,210, of whom 

 about 12,000 were within the municipal boundary. 



Geelvink Bay penetrates 125 miles south- 

 ward into the western arm of New Guinea. Its 

 entrance, some 155 miles wide, is protected by 

 several islands ; its shores are well wooded, flat, 

 and fertile, but unhealthy. The bay is separated 

 by a narrow isthmus from the Alfura Sea on the 

 south, and by a still narrower isthmus from 

 M'Clure Gulf on the west. 



Geestemttnde, a seaport of Prussia, situated 

 at the confluence of the Geeste with the Weser, 

 immediately SE. of Bremerhaven, owes its import- 

 ance to the docks and wharves constructed in 

 1857-63. It has also a school of navigation ; im- 

 ports petroleum, tobacco, rice, coffee, timber, and 

 corn ; and carries on various industries connected 

 with shipping. Pop. (1890) 15,452. 



Geez, or GE'EZ. See ETHIOPIA. 



Gefle, chief town of the Swedish Ian of Gefle- 

 borg, is situated on an inlet of the Gulf of Bothnia, 

 71 miles by rail N. by W. of Upsala. The port for 

 Dalecarlia, Gefle ranks third among the com- 

 mercial towns of Sweden, coming next to Stock- 

 holm and Gothenburg. Among the noteworthy 

 buildings are the castle ( 16th and 18th century ) 

 and the town-hall. Gefle, which has been rebuilt 

 since its destruction by fire in 1869, has a school of 

 navigation, and carries on shipbuilding, the manu- 

 facture of sail-cloth, cotton, and tobacco, and 

 fisheries. It carries on an active trade, the princi- 

 pal exports being iron, timber, and tar ; whilst its 

 imports consist chiefly of corn and salt. Pop. 

 (1874) 16,787; (1891)24,337; (1894)25,255. 



Gegenbaur, KARL, German comparative ana- 

 tomist, was born on 21st August 1826, at Wiirzburg, 

 where he was educated, and where he taught until 

 1855. In this year he was called to a medical pro- 

 fessorship at Jena, but from 1858 to 1873 he taught 

 principally anatomy. Removing to Heidelberg in 

 1873, he has since that date continued to lecture on 

 the same subject. His fame rests upon his Grund- 

 riss der vergleichenden Anatomic (2d ed. Leip. 

 1878), which was translated into English that same 

 year by F. J. Bell and E. Ray Lankester. Besides 

 this he has published Lehrbuch der Anatomic des 

 Menschen (1883; 5th ed. 1892), and since 1875 has 

 edited the Morphologisches Jahrbuch. 



Gehenna, the Greek form of the Hebrew Ge- 

 hinnom, or Valley of Hinnom. This valley, or 

 rather narrow gorge, lies south and west of the 

 city of Jerusalem. Here Solomon built a high 

 place for Moloch (1 Kings, xi. 7), and indeed 

 Gehenna seems to have become a favourite spot 

 with the later Jewish kings for the celebration of 

 idolatrous rites. It was here that Aliaz and 

 Manasseh made their children pass through the 

 fire ' according to the abomination of the heathen ; ' 

 and at its south-east extremity, specifically desig- 

 nated Tophet ( ' place of burning ' ), the hideous 

 practice of infant sacrifice to the fire-gods was not 

 unknown (Jeremiah, vii. 31). When King Josiah 

 came forward as the restorer of the old and pure 

 national faith he ' defiled ' the Valley of Hinnom 

 by covering it with human bones, and after this it 

 appears to have become ' the common cesspool of 

 the city, into which its sewage was conducted to be 

 carried off by the waters of the Kidron, as well as 

 a laystall, where all its solid filth was collected. 

 Hence, it became a huge nest of insects, whose 

 larva? or "worms" fattened on the corruption.' It 

 is also said that fires were kept constantly burning 

 here to consume the bodies of criminals, the car- 

 casses of animals, and whatever other offal might 

 be combustible. Among the later Jews Gehenna 

 and Tophet came to be symbols for hell and 

 torment, and in this sense the former word is 

 frequently emploj^d by Jesus in the New Testa- 

 ment e.g. Mark, ix. 47, 48. 



Gcibel, EMANUEL VON, one of the most popular 

 of modern German poets, was born at Liibeck on 

 18th October 1815. After his studies at Bonn he 

 lived at Berlin, in the poetical circle of Chamisso, 

 Gaudy, and Kugler ; next went to Athens in 1838 as 

 tutor in the family of the Russian ambassador, but 

 returned to Liibeck two years later to work up the 

 material he had collected in Greece, and to pursue 

 his studies in Italian and Spanish literature. At 

 the beginning of 1843 a pension of 300 thalers was 

 bestowed upon him by the king of Prussia. Geibel 

 now resided alternately at St Goar with Freili- 

 grath, at Stuttgart, Hanover, Berlin, and Liibeck, 

 till in 1852 he was appointed professor of ^Esthetics 

 in the university of Munich by the king of Bavaria 

 a post he retained till 1868, when he retired to 

 Liibeck. He contributed translations from the Greek 

 poets to the Classische Studies of Ernst Curtius 

 (1840), and in the same year published his own 

 Gedichte (120th ed. 1893), the beauty and religious 

 tone of which made them at once great favourites 

 with the Germans. The results of his Spanish 

 studies were the Spanische Volkslieder und Rom- 

 anzen ( 1843), which were followed by the Spanisches 

 Liederbuch (1852), published in conjunction with 

 Paul Heyse. In 1857 appeared his tragedy of 

 Brunehild, and in 1864 his Gedichte und Gedenk- 

 bldtter. In 1868 he published another tragedy 

 called Sophonisbe. He died at Liibeck, 6th April 

 1884. His poems are distinguished by fervour 

 and truth of feeling, richness of fancy, and a 

 certain pensive melancholy, and have procured 



