<;I:M:.\L<X;Y 



CKN Kit ATIO.NS 



129 



::!" 



tJIIL 



= 



Comjuest. the northern dialects being the eariiet 



t<> ill-run I it. in Hebrew there is no neuter, all 

 M. mifs IM-III;,' either masculine or feminine, a* also 

 in tin- modern Romance tongues, Ituliun, French, 

 sp mi-li, iiml I'oi iu;,'He>e. Cieriuan, again, in this 

 paiticular i-e-M-iiihles old English and the classical 



tongues. See (il: AMMAR. 



4.ril<-alou>. See 1'KDKiKKK. 

 .rn-i-;il Officers. A General Officer is an 

 i of the general army staff. A field-manual 

 general commanding- in -chief would in the field 

 usually coiiiiiiaiiil several Army Corps (q.v.), a 

 ^eiienil one corps, a lieutenant-general one l)ivi- 

 \i|.v.), a major-general one Brigade (q.v.). 

 rigadier-generals in tne British army are usually 

 lonels in temporary command of brigades. There 

 are many in India. In 1889 there were 5 field- 

 marslials in the British army, 13 generals, 43 

 lieutenant-generals, and 117 major-generals. Com- 

 paratively few of these hold commands, and if 

 unemployed for five years in either rank they 

 are compulsorily retired. Also, a major-general 

 must retire if he reaches sixty-two witnout being 

 promoted, and a lieutenant-general or general at 

 .-ixty-seven. Promotion ariiongst the generals is 

 by seniority, unless there are good grounds for a 

 contrary course, but promotion to field-marshal is 

 made by the sovereign without respect to seniority. 

 Colonels, if under fifty-five (sixty-two if holding 

 temporary rank as major-general ), and stated to 

 be competent by the commander-in-chief, are 

 eligible for promotion to general's rank, and the 

 niors are usually taken to fill vacancies as they 

 ur ; but at any time a colonel may be promoted 

 for distinguished conduct. 



As regards pay, when actively employed a 

 neral commanding-in-chief receives 10, 15s. a 

 iy ; a general not in chief command, 8 ; a lieu- 

 nant-general, 5, 10s.; a major-general, 3; and 

 brigadier-general, 2, 10s., all exclusive of allow- 

 ces for forage, &c. When on half-pay a field- 

 arshal receives 1300 a year, the others 800, 

 """', and 500 respectively. When retired a general 

 ives 1000 a year, a lieutenant-general 850, 

 d a major-general 700 ; but there are various 

 modifications affecting these amounts. 



The rank of captain-general, superior even to 

 field-marshal, is held by the sovereign exofficio, and 

 is Ixirne by the colonel of the Honourable Artillery 

 Company of London, but otherwise it has not been 

 conferred upon any officer of the British army during 

 'e 19th century. 



In the I'nited States the rank of 'general of the 

 rnies ' was created by act of congress in 1799, that 

 lieutenant-general oeing abolished ; but the act 

 lid not take effect, and Washington was still lieu- 

 tenant general at his death, a few months later. 

 This lank was conferred by brevet on Scott in 1S,V>, 

 and was renewed in 1864 in favor of Grant, who be- 

 came general in 1S(16. Lieut. -Gen. Sherman suc- 

 ceeded him in 1869, and was in turn succeeded in 1888 

 by Lieut. -Gen. Sheridan, on whose death both grades 

 became extinct. Gen. Schofield was appointed lieu- 

 tenant general in 1895, retiring shortly after ; and in 

 l!m congress enacted that the senior major-gen- 

 eral shallhave the rank of lieutenant-general. The 

 militia organisation of some of the states includes 

 major-generals and brigadier-generals. 



General, in the Roman Catholic Church, the 

 -upreiiie head, tinder the pope, of the aggregated 

 communities throughout Christendom belonging 

 religious order (though the abbas abbot tun 

 of the Benedictines is not actually styled 

 'general'). The governing authorities of the 

 monastic orders in the Roman Catholic Church 

 may be arranged in three classes: (1) the 

 periors of individual convents or communities, 

 217 



called in different orders by the various name* of 

 abbot, prior, rector, guardian, &c. : (2) the pro- 

 vincials, who have authority over all the convent* 

 of a ' province 'the provinces being usually coin- 

 cident in limit with kingdoms; (3) the general, to 

 whom not only each member of the order, but all 

 the various officials of every rank are absolutely 

 subject. The general in usually elected, commonly 

 by the general chapter of the order, which, in the 

 majority of orders, consists properly of the provin- 

 cials ; with these, however, are generally asso- 

 ciated the heads of the more important monasteries, 

 a^ also the superiors of certain subdivisions of pro- 

 vinces. The office of general in most orders is held 

 for three years. In that of the Jesuits it is for life ; 

 but in all the election of the general chapter must 

 lie confirmed by the pope. In most orders, too, 

 there is assigned to the general a consultor ( admoni- 

 tor) or associate (sociv,s), who, however, is only 

 entitled to advise, and has no authority to control 

 the superior. The general also is supposed to con- 

 sult with and to receive reports from the various 

 local superiors. He sends, if necessary, a visitor 

 to inquire into particular abuses, or to report upon 

 such controversies as may arise, and he holds a 

 general chapter of the order at stated times, which 

 differ according to the usage of the several orders. 

 The general is exempt from episcopal jurisdic- 

 tion, oeing subject to the immediate jurisdiction 

 of the pope himself. He resides in Rome, where 

 he enjoys certain privileges, the most import- 

 ant or which is the right to sit and vote with 

 the bishops in a general council of the church. 

 See MONACHISM, and the articles on the several 

 orders. 



General Assembly in Scotland, Ireland, and 

 the United States. See ASSEMBLY (GENERAL). 



Generalisation is the act of comprehending 

 under a general name a number of objects which 

 agree in one or more points. These points are 

 specially attended to by the process of Abstraction 

 (q.v.), and are indicated by the common name. 

 The result of generalisation is a common name or 

 general term, which stands for the many objects 

 in so far only as they all agree. This process is 

 closely akin to classification and to definition ; 

 and t he higher kind of generalisation is Induction 

 (q.v.). 



In logic the genus is a higher class which in- 

 cludes a lower, the lower one being the Species ; 

 but the distinction is only relative. That which 

 is a genus in relation to its species is itself a species 

 in regard to a higher genus. The genus has the 

 larger Extension (q.v.), the species the larger 

 intension. For the great question as to whether 

 the genera and species have a real existence, see 

 NOMINALISM. For genus in natural history, see 

 GENUS. 



Generation, a single succession in natural 

 descent, the children of the same parents ; in years 

 three generations are accounted to make a 

 century. 



Generation, SPONTANEOUS. See SPONTANE- 



<M s (iKNERATION. 



Generations, ALTERNATION OF, an interest- 

 in^ complication in the life-history of many plants 

 and animals, the organism producing offspring 

 which are unlike itself, but which in turn give rise 

 to forms like the original parent*. Thus, a zoo- 

 phyte buds off a swimming-oell, and the fertilised 

 ova of the latter develop into the former. Early 

 in the century the poet Chamisso, accompanying 

 Kotzebue on his circumnavigation of the globe, 

 called attention for the first time to the fact of 

 alternation as observed in one of the locomotor 

 tunicates (Salpa); the progress of marine zoology 

 and the study of parasitic worms gave many natural- 



