GENETTE 



131 



V 



at in (lie colonial Kadiolarians, is definitely seen in 

 the M-e-h water sponge, is very characteristic of the 

 < '.i-lenteiatc-, prevails with curious complications 

 in the flukes, is doubtful in tapeworms, occurs in 

 Hi n in a lew Nematodes and in certain 

 ( 'li.-etopods (Syllids), is represented by the rhythm 

 between parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction 

 in crustaceans and insect-, and is very emphatic 

 when- it was first observed in the locomotor tuni- 



calc-. 



In the lower plants, algie and fungi, an alterna- 

 tion l>etween spore-producing 

 and truly sexual generations 

 is frequent. In mosses and 

 ferns it is almost constant, 

 A/4 y.. , and yet more marked. Occa- 



V / sionally spore-formation or 



-**- sex-cell formation may be 

 suppressed, and the life- 

 history thus simplified. In 

 the flowering plants what 

 corresponds to the sexual 

 generation of a fern is much 

 reduced ; it has come to 

 remain, continuous with the 

 vegetative asexual genera- 

 tion, on which it has had a 

 subtle physiological reaction. 

 1 expresses ordinary al- H ints ^ to Rationale. 

 ternation between sex- m i r A u 



ual (8) and asexual (A*) The origin and import of the 

 generations ; in II. the above rhythms, and their 

 relation to the theoiy of 

 heredity, are difficult prob- 

 lems. To some extent, now- 

 ever, it is easy to recognise 

 that some of the alterna- 

 tions only express with 



emphasis the fundamental organic antithesis be- 

 tween nutrition and reproduction. A fixed hydroid 

 passive and well nourished, is preponderatingly 

 vegetative and asexual ; the reverse habit, the 

 physiological rebound, finds expression in the 

 actively locomotor sexual swimming-bell or medu- 

 soid. In the same way, though the alternation is 

 less strictly between asexual and sexual, the con- 

 trast between the deeply-rooted, leafy, spore-bear- 

 ing fern-plant and the inconspicuous, weakly-rooted, 

 lightly-exposed, sexual prothallus is again funda- 

 mentally parallel. Alternation of generations is in 

 fact an emphasised rhythm between the anabolic 

 and katabolic tendencies so fundamental in the 

 individual and racial life. To this, however, it 

 will be necessary to return in the article REPRO- 

 DUCTION. 



See Steenstrup, ' On the Alternation of Generations ' 

 trans. Ray Society, 1845) ; Owen's Parthenor/enesis 

 1849) ; Haeckel's GenereUt Morphologic (Berlin, 1866) ; 

 "des and Thomson, The Evolution of Sex (Lond. 



. 



III. 



sexual is increasingly 

 subordinated to the sex- 

 ual (as in mosses); in 

 III. tin- sexual is sub- 

 ordinate' 1 to the asexual 

 in dowering plants). 



<-'Iiesee, a remarkable river rising in Pennsyl- 

 vania, and (lowing nearly 200 miles north through 

 western New York into Lake Ontario, 7 miles N. 

 it Rochester. The Genesee is famous for its 

 extraordinary falls. Three of these occur within 

 a distance of 1 mile ; two are respectively 68 

 and 90 feet high, and the Portage Falls are 110 

 feet high. The river has also a sheer fall of 95 

 feet at Rochester, utilised for water-power ; and 

 another cascade, a few miles below, is almost as 

 Ugh. 



Genesis (Gr., 'origin,' 'generation'), the name 

 given by the Septuagint to the opening book of the 

 Pentateuch. In the Hebrew Hi hie it is named, 

 in. in its first word, Bereshith ('in the beginning'). 

 < Vuics are agreed that the book, like the rest of the 

 Pentateuch, is a mosaic, drawn from various 

 sources. A general description of these is already 



given in tin- section on the Law and Historical 

 OOOkt in tin- article HlHI.K. 



InCeiiesin the historical thread of the Priestly 

 Code ruiiH parallel to that of tin- Jdiovihtic element, 

 which, in tin- view now picvailing, in the earlier of 

 the two. The Priestly Code opens the book with 

 its account of the creation of the world ( i. 1 ii. 4<i }, 

 which is immediately followed by the Jebovintic 

 account f ii. I/; -Hi. 24). After these are given, 

 both in the 1'iiestly narrative and the Jehovbttic, 

 the transition from Adam to Noah (iv. v. ), the 

 Hood (vi.-ix. ), and the transition from Noah to 

 Abraham (x. xi. ). In Genesis the Priestly narra- 

 tive is a summary of facts mainly subordinated to 

 the development of the theocracy. The history is 

 broken into sections, each beginning with the words, 

 ' these are the generations of,' &c. ( ci. v. 1 ; vi. 9 ; x. 1 ; 

 xi. 10, &c. ), whence the name Genesis w derived. 

 The whole is divided into three periods, each intro- 

 duced by a covenant ( 1 ) with Adam ( i. 28 ii. 4 ) ; 

 (2) with Noah (ix. 1-17); and (3) with Abraham 

 ( xvii. ). Each covenant has its sign : the first has 

 the Sabbath (ii. 3), the second the rainbow (ix. 12), 

 the third circumcision (xvii. 10). These three 

 periods and covenants lead up to the fourth period 

 and covenant viz. the Mosaic. The writer pro- 

 ceeds in an orderly and circumstantial manner, 

 giving much attention to chronology, and, for the 

 sake of clearness, sometimes repeating details more 

 in the style of a lawyer than a historian (cf. vii. 

 13-16; vhi. 15-19: xxiii. 17, 18, 20). The name 

 for God used by him in Genesis is Elohim or El 

 Shaddai ( see Ex. vi. 3 ). The promises are by him 

 confined to Israel, and have no reference to salva- 

 tion through Israel for Gentiles (cf. xvii. 6-8; 

 xxviii. 3, 4; xxxv. 11, 12). 



The ' skeleton of ethnographic genealogy ' which, 

 in both narratives, is the foundation of the patri- 

 archal history, is in the Jehovistic ' covered with 

 flesh and blood.' Here the characters are living 

 men, and their passions and actions are traced with 

 the deep moral and religious inspiration and the 

 marvellous epic vividness and force which give their 

 imperishable charm to the stories of Genesis. And 

 it is the prophetical narrative that shows how the 

 Divine purpose included from the beginning a 

 remedy for the world's sin (iii. 15), reveals the 

 long-suffering mercy of the Divine mind ( cf. viii. 

 21, 22; xviii. 23 et sea.), and prophesies that 'in 

 Abraham's seed shall all the nations of the earth be 

 blessed' (xii. 3; xviii. 18; xxviii. 14). For the 

 distinction made between different parts of the /</'/- 

 phetical narrative ( less obvious than that between 

 the prophetical narrative itself and the Priestly 

 Code), see PENTATEUCH. How the conclusions of 

 science have affected the literal faith in the descrip- 

 tions of creation given in Genesis is shown in the 

 article CREATION, and in Riehm, Der biblische 

 Schopfungsbericht (Halle, 1881). 



See the Commentaries by Luther, Calvin, Rosenmiiller 

 (1821), Kimchi (edited by Ginsburg, 1842), Kalisch 

 (Lond. 18581, Wright (ib. 1859), Cook and others (ib. 

 1871), Tuch (2d ed. by Arnold & Merx, 1871), Kt-uss, 

 F. Delitzsch (4th ed. Leip. 1872), Lange (2d ed. 1877), 

 Keil (3d ed. 1878), Dillmann (4th ed. 1882), and Dods 

 (Edin. 1882). See also Knobel, Die Volkertafd der 

 Genesis (Giessen, 1850) ; \Vellhausen, Prolegomena (Eiig. 

 trans. 1885); and Driver's A'otcs on Lessons from the 

 Pentateuch (New York, 1887). 



Genette, or GENET ( Gcuftta K usually regarded 

 as a separate genus of carnivorous mammals, but 

 by some included in the genus Civet (q.v.). The 

 genettes differ from the civets in their smaller 

 size, the vertically slit pupil, the completely re- 

 tractible claws, tlie smallness of the anal pouch, 

 and the faintness of the characteristic odour. Of 

 six species of genette, five are found only in Africa: 

 the common genette is found also in the south of 



