134 



GENII 



GENOA 



turned to go days and nights in the saddle with- 

 out resting. Thus the Mongol armies could move 

 with extreme celerity, and needed little provision- 

 ing. They never left either enemy or strong town 

 behind their backs to threaten their communica- 

 tions : all the former were ruthlessly slain or 

 massacred, all the latter completely razed to the 

 ground. The hard labour necessary in besieging 

 the fortified cities was done by the peasantry 

 of the country in which they were situated,, and 

 in the battles the same wretched people were 

 frequently placed by the Mongols in the fore- 

 front of the fight to bear the brunt of their 

 enemies' onset. Genghis was, however, something 

 more than a warrior and conqueror ; he was also 

 a skilful administrator and ruler : he not only 

 conquered empires stretching from the Black Sea 

 to the Pacific, but he organised them into states 

 which endured beyond the short span that usually 

 measures the life of Asiatic sovereignties. 



See Howorth, History of the Mongols, part 1 ( 1876 ) ; 

 K. K. Douglas, Life of Jenghiz Khan ( 1877 ) ; and com- 

 pare Erdmann, Temudschin, der UnerschiMerliche (1862), 

 and D'Ohsson, Histoire des Momjoles ( 1852 ). 



Genii, among the ancient Romans, \vere pro- 

 tecting spirits, who were supposed to accompany 

 every created thing from its origin to its final 

 decay, like a second spiritual self. They belonged 

 not only to men, but to all things animate and in- 

 animate, and more especially to places, and were 

 regarded as effluences of the Divinity, and wor- 

 shipped with divine honours. Not only had every 

 individual his genius, but likewise the whole 

 people. The statue of the national genius was 

 placed in the vicinity of the Roman forum, and 

 is often seen on the coins of Hadrian and Trajan. 

 The genius of an individual was represented by the 

 Romans as a figure in a toga, having the head 

 veiled, and the cornucopia or patera in the hands ; 

 while local genii appear under the figure of serpents 

 eating fruit set before them. Quite different are 

 Vhe genii whose Arabic name, Djinn or Jinn, was 

 translated by the Latin term genius, for want of 

 a better word, or from the casual similarity of the 

 sounds. See DEMONOLOGY, and FAMILIAR. 



Genipap, Genipa americana (Cinchonaceee), a 

 large tree of the West Indies and warm parts of 

 South America, with excellent fruit. The pearl- 

 gray timber is occasionally used by joiners. 



Genista (Celtic gen, 'a shrub'), a leguminous 

 genus already mentioned under BROOM (see also 

 GREENWEED ). G. anglica, a small, much branched, 

 very spiny shrub of poor soils, is called Petty 

 Whin and Needle Furze in England. The Genista 

 of Virgil and other Roman classics is supposed to 

 be G. hispanica, of southern Europe, with branched 

 stiff spines. The name Plantagenet is from Planta 

 Genista ; but what plant was intended, and whether 

 the common broom, furze, or a species of Genista 

 is not so certain. See PLANTAGENET. 



Genitive. See GRAMMAR. 



Genlis, STEPHANIE FELICITE DUCREST DE 

 ST AUBIN, CoMTESSE DE, was born at Champce'ri, 

 near Autun, in Burgundy, 25th January 1746. At 

 the age of sixteen she was married to the Comte 

 de Genlis, and in 1770 was made lady-in-waiting 

 to the Duchesse de Chartres. In 1782 the Due de 

 Chartres, afterwards known as Egalite, appointed 

 her 'governor' of his children, including Louis- 

 Philippe. Madame de Genlis wrote a variety of 

 works for her pupils, among others Theatre (T Edu- 

 cation (1779-80), a collection of short comedies; 

 Annales de la Vertu ( 1781 ) ; Adele et Theodore, ou 

 Lettres sur I' Education (1782) ; and Les Veillees du 

 Chateau (1784). On the breaking out of the Re- 

 volution Madame de Genlis took the liberal side, 

 but was ultimately compelled to seek refuge (1793) 



in Switzerland and Germany. When Bonaparte 

 became consul she returned* (1799) to Paris, and 

 received from him a pension. She died at Paris, 

 31st December 1830. Madame de Genlis's writings 

 amount to about ninety volumes. Amongst them 

 may be mentioned the romance Mdlle. de Clermont 

 (1802), Memoires Inedits sur le XVIII. Siecle et 

 la Revolution Franqaise (10 vols. 1825), and Diners 

 du Baron d'Holbach. The last contains a great 

 deal of curious but malicious information concern- 

 ing the freethinkers of the 18th century. See 

 Bonhomme's Mine, de Genlis (Paris, 1885). 



Gennesaret, SEA OF. See GALILEE. 



Genoa (Ital. Genova, Fr. Genes, anciently 

 Genua), a city of Italy, situated on the Mediter- 

 ranean gulf of the same name, at the foot of the 

 Apennines, is the capital of a province and the 

 most important seaport. By rail it is 801 miles 

 SE. of Paris, 171 NE. of Marseilles, and 93 SSW. 

 of Milan. Pop. of the town ( 1881 ) 138,081 ; of the 

 commune, in 1893, 215,300 ; pop. of the province 

 of Genoa (area, 1572 sq. m.) 760,122. 



The slopes of the huls behind the city down to 

 the shore are covered with buildings, terraced 

 gardens, and groves of orange and pomegranate 

 trees ; while the bleak summits of the loftier ranges 

 rising still farther back are capped with a line 

 of strong forts, batteries, and outworks. The fine 

 harbour, semicircular in shape, with a diameter of 

 rather less than a mile, is protected seawards from 

 the south and south-east winds by two piers. In 

 front of this inner harbour another one has been 

 made by the construction of two outer moles. 

 Besides this, the quays of the inner harbour have 

 been greatly improved, and in 1889 graving-docks 

 and other works were completed. On the north 

 side of the port is a naval harbour and a marine 

 arsenal ; and on the east side the warehouses of 

 the former (until 1867) free port. Genoa is the 

 commercial outlet for a wide extent of country, of 

 which the chief exports are rice, wine, olive-oil, 

 silk goods, coral, paper, macaroni, and marble. 

 The imports are principally raw cotton, wheat, 

 sugar, coal, hides, coffee, raw wool, fish, petroleum, 

 iron, machinery, and cotton and woollen textiles. 

 The annual exports of Genoa are valued at nearly 

 4,000,000, while the imports are returned at more 

 than 15,000,000. About 5800 vessels, of 2,970,000 

 tons burden, enter annually, and about 5750 of 

 2,979,000 tons clear, three-fourths of the vessels, 

 with nearly one-half of the tonnage in each class, 

 being Italian. The principal industrial establish- 

 ments of the city embrace iron-works, cotton and 

 cloth mills, macaroni-works, tanneries, sugar- 

 refineries, and vesta match, filigree, and paper 

 factories. From 70,000 to 100,000 emigrants sail 

 every year from Genoa for South America ; in 

 some years the number has been near 200,000. 



While strikingly grand as viewed from the sea, 

 and so far worthy of being entitled Genova la 

 Superba, Genoa is in reality built awkwardly on 

 irregular rising ground, and consists of a labyrinth 

 of narrow and intricate lanes, accessible only to 

 foot-passengers, or to the pack-mules by the use 

 of which a large portion of the internal goods 

 traffic is conducted. These thoroughfares, into 

 which the light of day imperfectly penetrates, 

 are lined with tall buildings, some of them of 

 marble and of handsome architecture, but now 

 in many cases transformed into hotels or busi- 

 ness establishments. Of the palaces the most 

 famous are the ducal palace formerly inhabited 

 by the doges, now appropriated to the meetings 

 of the senate ; and the Doria, presented in 

 1529 to the great Genoese citizen Andrea Doria, 

 whose residence it was during his presidency of 

 the republic. The palaces Brignole-Sale, Reale, 



