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UKK.M 



167 



Joi a, and at the passage of the Berezina. After 

 .Icon's n-tiini from Elba he commanded a 

 division at Ligny, and was wounded at Wavre. 

 The second restoration compelled him to leave 

 ! Kin.-.-, and In- did not return till 1817. In 1831 

 lie commanded tin? French army sent to the assist- 

 ance of the Belgians against the Dutch, whom he 

 drove out of Flanders, and on '27th Deceniler 1832 



< ipelleil ilir citadel of Antwerp to capitulate. 



After the July revolution of 1830 he was appointed 

 marshal ami war-minister by Louis-Philippe ; he 

 was again war-minister from July to October in 

 I v; l He died at Paris, 17th April 1852. 



< ; rurd, HAICUN FRANCOIS PASCAL, painter, 

 lM>rn of French parentage at Home, llth March 

 1770, at ten was brought to France, and at 

 sixteen became the pupil of David. In 1795 

 he exhibited ' Belisarius,' which first brought 

 him into notice ; shortly afterwards lie painted 

 ' Psyche receiving the First Kiss from Cupid. ' 

 Previous to this he had already begun to work 

 at portrait-painting, his portrait of Madame Bona- 

 parte in 1799 being the oeginning of his career as 

 the 'painter of kings.' Almost all the royal and 

 other celebrities who visited Paris between 1799 

 and 1837 were painted "by Gerard, who owed his 

 success not alone to his skill as a portraitist, but 

 also to the charm of his manners ana conversation. 

 The grandest of his works are, however, historical 

 pictures, the 'Battle of Austerlitz' (1810) and the 

 'Entry of Henry IV. into Paris' (1814). Gerard 

 was appointed first court-painter and raised to the 

 rank or baron by Louis XVlII. He died at Paris, 

 llth January 1837. Gerard's most celebrated por- 

 traits are those of Napoleon in his coronation 

 robes, the Queen of Naples and her Children, 

 Talleyrand, Talma, Louis- Philippe, and Madame 

 Recamier. See Imoks by Adam (3 vols. 1852-57) 

 and H. Gerard (1867). . 



Gerard* JOHN, herbalist, was born at Nantwich, 

 in Cheshire, in 1545. Settling in London, he kept 

 Lord Burghley's gardens for over twenty years, 

 practised as a barber-surgeon, becoming master 

 of the company in 1(508, and died in 1612. His 

 famous Herball was published in 1597, mainly 

 based upon ti&Stirpivm Sutoria Pematadet (1B8&) 

 by Rembert Dodoens. An enlarged edition of 

 Gerard's Herball was issued by Thomas Johnson 

 in 1633. 



Ge>ard, caricaturist. See GRANDVILLE. 



Gerarduier ('the Queen of the Vosges'), a 

 holiday resort much frequented by Parisians, and 

 famous for its ..cheese, is in the dep. of Vosges, 32 

 miles SE. of Epinal by rail. Pop. 7300. 



Ger'asa, in the time of the Romans a flourish- 

 ing city of Palestine, was situated among the 

 mountains of Gilead, about 20 miles east of the 

 Jordan. Parts of the city wall are still in good 



Keservation ; two theatres and several temples can 

 identified ; and 230 columns are still standing. 

 Gerbert. See SYLVESTER II. 



Gerhardt, KARL FRIEDRICH, chemist, born 

 at Strasburg, 21st August 1816, at fifteen was sent 

 to the Polytechnic School of Carlsruhe, and after- 

 wards studied chemistry at Leipzig, and under 

 Liebig at Giessen. In 1838 he arrived in Paris, 

 where he lectured on chemistry, and where with his 

 friend Cahours he commenced his researches on the 

 essential oils. In 1844 he was appointed professor 

 of Chemistry at Montpellier. About this time he 



Eublished his Precis de Chimie Organique, in which 

 e sketches the idea of ' Homologous and Hetero- 

 logous Series.' In 1845-48, in association with 

 Laurent, he published the Comptes rendus des 

 Travaux de Cnimie. In 1848 he resigned his chair 

 and returned to Paris in order to follow out unin- 



terruptedly his special investigation* ; and in that 

 city he established, letwcen tin- yean* 1849 ami 1H55, 

 in successive ni.-in.irs, his views of Herie* and the 

 i IK-MI y of type-, with which his name i* atwociatal 

 in the history of chemistry. It watt there, alw>, 

 that he gave to the (scientific world hi* remark- 

 able researches upon the anhydrous acids and the 

 oxides. In 1855 he became professor of Chemistry 

 at Strasburg. All his ideas and his discoveries are 

 embodied in his Traiti de Chimie Organique (4 vol*. 

 1853-56). He had hardly completed the correc- 

 tion of the last proof of this great work, when, 

 after an illness of only two days, he died on 19th 

 August 1856. See the Life by his friend Cahoura. 



Gerhardt* PAUL, perhaps the lest writer of 

 hymns that the German Lutheran church has pro- 

 duced, was born at Grafenhainichen, in Saxony, 

 12th March 1607, became dean at the church of St 

 Nicholas in Berlin in 1657, but, in consequence of 

 his opposition to the elector Frederick-William's 

 attempt to bring alxnit a union of the Lutheran 

 and Reformed churches, was banished from Branden- 

 burg in 1666. The last seven vears of his life he 

 was pastor of Liibben, where ne died, 6th June 

 1676. He wrote 123 hymns, all excellent, and 

 many of them worthy to l>e placed amongst the 

 choicest productions of Protestant sacred poetry. 

 The one beginning 'Commit thou all thy ways' is 

 well known in England from Wesley's translation. 

 Other exquisitely tender lyrics are ' Nun ruhen alle 

 \Viilder' (Now all the woods are sleeping), 'O 

 Haupt voll Blut und Wunden ' ( O wounded head 

 and bleeding), 'Du bist zwar mein, und bleibest 

 mein ' ( Thou 'rt mine, yes, still thou art mine own ). 



Gericaiilt, THEODORE (1791-1824), military 

 painter and lithographer, was, with Delacroix, one 

 of the first Romanticists (see PAINTING, Vol. VII. p. 

 700). He was born at Rouen, studied under Vernet 

 and Guerin, early began to exhibit in the Salon 

 (with the 'Mounted Chasseur of the Imperial 

 Guard'), worked for a year or two in Italy after 

 1816, and died at Paris. His favourite subjects 

 were soldiers (especially cavalry) and horses, but 

 his ' Raft of the Medusa ' became the manifesto of 

 the naturalist-romantic v movement. 



Gerizim and Ebal, the two highest moun- 

 tains in the central Palestine chain (3000 feet), 

 separated from each other by a deep narrow valley, 

 in which stands the town of Nablus (q.v. ). The 

 valley between them is very fertile. Jacob's well 

 stands where the vale joins the plain of Moreh. On 

 the slope of Ebal to the north of the well is Sychar 

 (now 'Askar). Mount Gerizim, along with Mount 

 Ebal, was the scene of a grand and impressive cere- 

 mony, in which the whole people of Israel took part 

 after crossing the Jordan, in obedience to a command 

 which Moses had given them (Deut. xxvii.). The 

 half of the tribes standing on Gerizim responded to 

 and affirmed the blessings, thoseon Ebal the curses as 

 pronounced by the Levites. The Samaritans built 

 a temple on Mount Gerizim as a rival to that of 

 Jerusalem, and organised a rival priesthood ; and 

 the Samaritan Pentateuch closed the Decalogue 

 with the injunction, ' Thou shalt build a temple on 

 Mount Gerizim, and there only shalt thou worship.' 

 And, though the Samaritan temple was destroyed 

 by Hyrcanus about 200 years after, the mountain 

 oil which it stood continued to be held sacred by 

 the Samaritans. It was to Mount Gerizim that 

 the ' woman of Samaria ' referred when she said 

 to our Saviour: 'Our fathers worshipped in thi* 

 mountain, and ye say that in Jerusalem is the 

 place where men ought to worship.' Subsequently, 

 a Christian church in honour of the Virgin was 

 built on it. 



Germ* a name applied to the egg-cell of plant 

 or animal, either from tin- first or in its early 



