<;I:I;M ANY 



189 



instance Theodor Kotm-i and Arndt. \\lm.si- -pirited 

 patriot!. .songs arc intimateh associated with tin- 



\\.irof 1SI:< against Napoleon, in which the for r 



fell li-lit in- gloriously. Kuckert ami I hhuid 

 belong lo tin- same .-chool ; lint tin- former is more 

 especially known for liis admirable adaptations and 

 translations from oriental languages, ami the latter 

 for liis cMjuisiic romanees ami ballads. 



The pulilie taste in lid ion still encouraged the 

 production of sentimental tales, in a sickl\ stylo, of 

 which Clauren may be mentioned as an example, 

 chietlv on account of the ridicule direete<l against 

 him l>y the novelist Han IV, the champion of a 

 healthier taste. Spindler, Wililiald Alexis (W. 

 H;iriii^), whose \Vitllnilimtr and other hooks are 

 imitations of Walter Scott, and < 'aniline Pichler 

 also belonged to a sounder and more artistic 

 school. Raupach occupied the stage with his 

 historical tragedies and his comedies, rivalled in 

 south Germany by Baron von Autlenberg, and on 

 the Rhine by Immennann, known also as the author 

 of the romance Minn-hint HSI-H. Adolf Miillner and 

 Grillparzer are also im]iortant names in the later 

 history of the German drama. 



The decade 1830 to 1840 is usually spoken of in 

 (icrman literary histories as the period of 'Young 

 < ;ermany,' a period of gifted but somewhat imma- 

 ture striving for independence and free self-de- 

 velopment. Count Platen in his odes, sonnets, 

 comedies, &c. represents the transition to this era, 

 of which Karl Gut/kow, Borne, and Laube may be 

 taken as characteristic representatives. But the 

 greatest name of this time is that of Heinrich Heine, 

 who ranks with Goethe and Schiller for lyrical 

 power, and at the same time is master of an almost 

 matchless prose style. Menzel signalised himself 

 by his attacks upon Goethe, Heine, and Gutzkow. 

 Auerbach may be regarded as the creator of the 

 Dorfgeschichte or village story, in which he has 

 been followed by Maximilian Schmidt and An/en- 

 gruber. The sombre and sentimental Lenau 

 ( Niembsch von Strehlenau ) is perhaps the chief 

 name of the later Austrian school, which includes 

 Count Auersperg (Anastasius Grim), Karl Beck, 

 Moritz Hurt maun of Bohemia, and A. Meissner. 

 Emanuel Geibel, even yet one of the most popu- 

 lar lyric poets in Germany, was the head of the 

 band of poets who assembled round King Maxi- 

 milian of Bavaria, among whom also were Dingel- 

 stedt, Bodenstedt (whose exquisite poems in the 

 oriental style were published under the nom de 

 guerre of Mirza Schatfy), and Paul Heyse. Gott- 

 schall wrote epic poems as well as dramas. Hebbel 

 and Grabbe were l>oth dramatists of vigorous but 

 ill-disciplined power. Prutz, Hoffmann von Fal- 

 lersleben, Schulze, Herwegh, Hebel, Freiligrath, 

 (peculiarly skilful as a translator of English, 

 Scottish, and French poetry), Schefer, Scnack, 

 Hamerling, and Leander (volkmann) may also 

 be mentioned among recent writers ; 'Freili- 

 grath and Hamerling have done better than average 

 vork as poets. Among modern epic poets are 

 Jordan (Die Nibelungen), Kinkel, Redwitz ( Amar- 

 anth), Otto Roquette ( Waldimister's Brautfahrt}, 

 Scherenberg, Bottger, and Victor von Scheflel 

 (Trompeter von Stikkingen). Many of these are 

 also dramatists; others are Halm (Baron Munch- 

 Bellinghausen), Moser (a 'second Kotzebue'), 

 Freytag, Ernst von Wildenbruch, Fitger, and 

 Anzengruber. Paul Lindau has made a success 

 as a writer of neat comedies ; and in even slighter 

 work Benedix, Topffer, Blum, &c. are well-known 

 names. Fiction in Germany, as with ourselves, 

 has been developed to an enormous extent in the 

 present century, and no more than a few of the 

 most prominent names can be here mentioned. Ida 

 von Hahn-Hahn, Fanny Lewald, Johanna Schopen- 

 hauer, Von Hillern, and E. Marlitt are among 



the bent known of the lady novel i*t, who have 

 recently l-en joined by ' Ow*ip Soli u bin ' (A, 

 Kirsclmer). Gtistav Freytag, one of the oldeM, in 

 still tin: most eminent of recent novelbtU. Spil- 

 lnieii, Hacklander, ( iot tschall, Genttacker, Paul 

 . Charles Sealslield, Klter*, Dahn, Sc-hellel, 

 Liiidau, Gottfried Keller (a SWIHK), Oskar Mi-ding 

 ( Samarow ), Fran/.os, and < Jeorge Taylor ( Hansiat h ) 

 have all in turn enjoyed wide popnlarit \ , to which 

 some of them are still adding. Low German ban 

 heeii elevated to the dignity of a literary tongue by 

 Fritz Keuter, one of the greatest, if not the greatest, 

 of (i.-unaii humorists, and by Klaus Groth. 



But numerous as have been writers of |..<-ti<- 

 ami dramatic literature during the present century 

 in Germany, the tendency or the German mind 

 has of late years been rather to science than 

 Action. The immense impetus given to the ta-t-- 

 for scientific inquiry by A. v. Hnmlx>ldt's 

 Travels, and by his Cosmos and Views of 

 Nature, has lieen followed by the appearance of 

 a multitude of records of travel, among the more 

 important of which we can only instance those of 

 Martius in Brazil, Poppig in South America, 

 Tschudi in Peru, Lepsius and Brugsch in Egypt, 

 Schomburgk in British Guiana, Giitzlan" in China, 

 Siebold in Japan, the brothers Schlagintweit in the 

 Alps and in central Asia, Barth, Vogel, Rohlfs, 

 and Schweinfurth in Africa, and Leichhardt in 

 Australia. 



In conclusion we can only group together the 

 names of a few of the many eminent Germans 

 who by their labours and researches in physical 

 and natural science have at once enriched tin- 

 knowledge of the world and enhanced the literary 

 and scientific glory of their own country. With- 

 out again referring to writers who have leen 

 already mentioned, we may specially instance, in 

 astronomy and mathematics, Bessel, Encke, Struve, 

 Gauss, and Madler; in the natural sciences and 

 in medicine, Johannes Miiller, Ehrenberg, Cams, 

 Oken, Schleiden, Von Buch, Liebig, Kopp, Simon, 

 Dove, Virchow, Moleschott, BischofV, Rose, Vogt, 

 Werner, Poggendorf, Erdmann, Gmelin, Griile, 

 Vogel, Rokitansky, Wagner, Schonbein, Helm- 

 holtz, Haeckel, Mitscherlich, W. Wel>er, Kirchhoff, 

 Neumann, Du Bois Reymond, Hahnemann, Hufe- 

 land, Von Baer, and* Dieffenbach ; in history, 

 archaeology, and biography, Leo, Duncker, Curtius, 

 Giesebrecht, Sybel, Treitschke, Becker, Boeckh, 

 Preller, Creuzer, Jacobs, Wachler, Kuno Fischer, 

 Pretiss, Bottiger, Varnhagen v. Ense. Pertz, 

 Lappenberg, Pauli, &c. ; in geography, ethnology, 

 statistics, politics, &c. , Berghaus, Ritter, Peter- 

 m.-iiin. Stein, Hiibner, Kloden, Kohl, Bunsen, 

 Bastian, Ideler, Zacharia, Gentz, Gneist, Ruge, 

 Hose her, Schiirfle, Riehl, Lassen, linger, /.immer- 

 mann, and Otto Peschel ; in law ami jurispru- 

 dence, Savigny, Thibaut, Eichhorn, Piitter, Waitz, 

 Feuerbach, Grolmann, and Mittermaier; in tin- 

 history of {esthetics and the line arts, Fr. Vischer, 

 Carriere, R. Zimmermann, Weisse, Schassler, Kd. 

 Miiller, Waagen, Kirchmann, and Liibke. 



The genius of her musicians has placed Germany 

 at the head of the musical world. Such names as 

 Seb. Bach, Handel, Gluck, Mozart, Haydn, Beet- 

 hoven, and P. E. Bach in the 18th century, and 

 Schulwrt, Spohr, Weber, Mendelssohn, Schumann, 

 Brahms, Liszt (though a Hungarian by birth), and 

 Wagner in the 19th, are known to all who take 

 an interest in the art of sweet sounds. In con- 

 nection with this subject the writings of Helm 

 holtz, Kostlin, Ehrlich, Schumann, Wagner, and 

 Liszt should he noticed. 



Detailed accounts of the lives and literary careers 

 of the principal writers, such as Goethe, Heine, 

 Herder, Renter, Richter, Schiller, \o., will be found 

 under their several names. See also such articles a* 



