(JIANTS KKTTLKS 



201 



IB compact arid homogeneous, and in somewhat 

 sonorous wlien struck with a liiuniner. The (irand 

 itself formed of three causeways, 

 tin- Little. Mi. I. llf ni Ilone\ comb, and the GnUM 

 Causeway. <w the Little Causeway may l*e seen 

 an octagon, pentagon, hexagon, and bepMfloa all 

 IMT ; on the Middle Causeway is the famous 

 \\i-liing Chair, witli two arms and a back, mi ;i 

 jilat I'm -in where the columns rise to a height of 

 alioiit 10 feet. On the Grand Causeway are pointed 

 out the Lady's Fan, an exact arrangement of live 

 perfect pentagons surrounding a heptagon ; the 

 Keystone of the Causeway a sunk octagon ; and 

 the single triangle. At the starting point is the 

 < ;i;uits' Loom, an imposing row of columns 30 feet 

 high, each intersected by about thirty joints ; to 

 tli<- loft is the Giants' Weil, to the right the Giants' 

 Chair. 



The lest way to sec the Causeway is to walk 

 along it under the cliffs, and next over them, hut 

 li- who would see the full grandeur of this wonder- 

 ful strip of coast must row along it eastward as 

 far as the Pleaskin. The ' Short Course ' includes 

 a visit to Portcoon and Kunkerry Caves and the 

 Causeway only ; the 'Long Course ' extends west- 

 ward to the caves, and eastward to the Horse- 

 -liue Hay beyond Pleaskin and under Henbane 

 Mead. The various inlets and points along the 

 coast, passed in order, are Portnalx), separated hy 

 the Stookan Rocks from Portganniay ; next, after 

 the Giants' Causeway proper is passed, Portnoffer, 

 closed on the east side oy the Giants' Organ, a row 

 of imposing pillars the appearance of which at once 

 explains their name ; after Roverin Valley Head is 

 turned, Port Reostan, opening up into the Amphi- 

 theatre, fringed with din's 350 feet high, and reach- 

 ing its eastern horn in the Chimney Point, the lofty 

 stacks of whose rocks are said to have been fatally 

 mistaken for the chimneys of Dunluce Castle by 

 a Spanish Armada ship. The next bay Is Spanish 

 Bay, with the Spanish Organ, shut in bv Benan- 

 ouran Head, 400 feet high, between which and 

 Pleaskin Head are the reefs called the Giants' Eye- 

 glass and the King and his Nobles. The Pleaskin 

 rises to a height of 400 feet, and is the noblest of 

 all the Causeway cliffs. The prospect is unrivalled 

 from Hamilton's Seat near its top, so named from 

 the Rev. Dr Hamilton of Derry, one of the first to 

 call attention to the Causeway ( 1786). Beyond it is 

 the Horseshoe Harbour and the group of rocks called 

 the Nurse and Child. After rounding Benbane 

 Head we come in sight of Bengore Head (367 feet), 

 below which the coast slopes more rapidly south- 

 ward past the pillars known as the Four "Sisters, 

 the Giants' Peep-hole, and the Giants' Granny to 

 the ruins of Dunseverick Castle. 



Giants' Kettles* the name given in Norway 

 to vertical pot-shaped, smooth-sided hollows ex- 

 cavated in rocks, usually filled up with rounded 

 boulders, water-worn stones, gravel, and other 

 detritus. They are believed to have originated 

 under the great glaciers or continuous mer de glace 

 whieh formerly covered wide regions of northern 

 Km ope (see "BOULDER-CLAY, GLACIAL PERIOD, 

 PLEISTOCENE SYSTEM). They have probably been 

 formed by water descending from the surface of the 

 ice through moulins or glacial chimneys sell in g 

 stones and boulders in rapid rotation. They are 

 thus comparable to the pot-holes which are so 

 common a feature in the beds of rapid streams, 

 particularly in the neighbourhood or waterfalls, 

 where the stones have a gyratory motion imparted 

 to them by the irregular movements of the water. 

 As they rotate they gradually wear awav the rook, 

 and produce more or less steep-sided cavitio?-. 

 Giants' kettles occur in connection with the glacial 

 deposits of many other countries besides Norway ; 

 as, for example, in Prussia. 



Giaour, the Italian nulling (popularix*! by 

 Byron) of a Turkish word, applied by the Turk* 

 to all who n-ject Mohammedanism, -p-<-iall\ to 

 Kiin>p.-aii ChiM iariH. Hy Home it i Maid to be 

 derived from the Pi;r*ian ydwr, ' infidel ; ' by other* 

 to lie u corrupt form of tin- Arabic Knjir, ' infidel' (of. 

 Kaffir*, the African people, and the (SvebrtM, q.v. ). 



Giarre, a town of Sicily, in the province of 

 Catania, on the eastern slope of Mount Etna. It* 

 harbour is Ri|H>sto. The -m lounding district pro- 

 duces excellent wine. Pop. 8300. 



Giaveno, a town of Piedmont, 17 miles W. of 

 Turin, with cotton and jute spinning and paper 

 works. Pop. 6500. 



Gibara. or Jibara, a city of the north cotua 

 of Cuba, 25i miles by rail NE. by N. of Holgnin. 

 It exports sugar, &c. Pop. ( 1896) 6841. 



Gibbet, a sort of gallows on which the bodies of 

 criminals guilty of particularly atrocious crimes 

 were suspended after execution, encased in an iron 

 frame, near the sjiot where the crime was committed. 

 This was done to strike terror into the evil-minded, 

 and to afford ' a comfortable sight to the relations 

 and friends of the deceased.' The practice, recog- 

 nised by law in 1752, was abolished in 1834. 



Gibbon (Hylobates), a genus of tail-less anthro- 

 poid apes, natives of the East Indies. They are 

 nearly allied to the orangs and chimpanzees, but 

 are of more slender form, and their arms so long as 

 almost to reach the ground when they are placed 

 in an erect posture ; there are also naked callosities 

 on the buttocks. In this respect they differ from 

 the other Anthropoid Apes (q.v.), and are allied to 

 some of the Catarrhini ; in other respects also the 

 Gibbons are the lowest among the anthropoid 

 apes, and connect them with the Catarrhini. The 

 gibbons are inhabitants of forests, their long arms 

 enabling them to swing themselves from liough to 

 bough, which they do to wonderful distances, and 

 with extreme agility. They cannot, however, 

 move with ease or rapidity on the ground. The 

 conformation of the ninder extremities adds to 



Gibbon (Hylobattaagilis). 



their difficulty in this, whilst it increases their 

 adaptation to' a life among the branches of trees, 

 the soles of the feet being much turned inwards. 

 None of the gibbons are of large si/e. There are 

 some eight or ten species. The Common Gibbon, 

 or Lai (iiblnm (//. lar], is found in some part* of 

 India, and in more eastern regions. The Active 

 Gihlioii (//. aqilis), found in Sumatra, is jwirtic 

 ularly remarkable for the |>ower which it displays 

 of Hinging itself from one tree to another, clearing 



