(JILL 



211 



solution of -"I'l in nitre-muriatic acid U lined which 



-lo\\l\ aitack> the metal to be gilded, and at the 



time deposits on it* Hurface an equivalent 



..hi. The method called Grecian Gilding in 



another similar process, in which gold is used din- 



Is.-il in a -iiluii'.ii oi sal-ammoniac and corrosive 



sublimate in nitric arid. 



Mo>t aiticles that are gilded by either of the 

 .il...\i' rliemical methods, <>r by elect m gilding, are 

 submitted t4> an after- process of colouring. This 

 either in acting upon the surface with a 



saline solution, and heating the article afterwards, 

 or in coating it with a kind of varnish of beeswax 

 ami yellow ochre, and then burning this off, The 

 colouring of jewelry, &c. , made of gold alloyed 

 \\ith com>er or brass, is performed by submitting 

 tin- article to the action of a mixture of nitre, 

 alum, ami common salt, either dry or dissolved 

 in water, heat being applied in either case. The 

 l.a-er alloy is thus removed from the surface, 

 which becomes covered with a richly coloured film 

 of nearly pure gold. 



Sword-blades, lancets, and other steel articles 

 are gilded in fancy devices by drawing the design 

 with a camel-hair pencil moistened in a solution 

 of gold, prepared by agitating ether with a solution 

 of tercluoride of gold, and decanting the light 

 liquid which floats on the top. 



Silks, artificial flowers, ivory, bone, &c. may be 

 gilded by immersing them in, or painting them 

 with, a neutral solution of one part of terchloride 

 of gold to four or five of water, and then exposing 

 them in a vessel containing hydrogen gas, which 

 readily combines with the chlorine, and reduces 

 the gold to the metallic state. 



Encaustic Gilding is usually applied to glass 

 and porcelain. The gold is first obtained in a 

 finely divided state by precipitating from the 

 chloride with protosulphate of iron, or by simply 

 heating the chloride. This powder is ground up 

 with i^th of its weight of oxide of bismuth and 

 some borax and gum water, and then painted on 

 the ware. It is then heated till the borax is vitri- 

 fied and the gold thereby fixed. Sometimes the 

 gold is ground with turpentine, or an amalgam of 

 gold is used. This has a brown dingy appearance 

 when it leaves the kiln ; the gold lustre is brought 

 up by burnishing. 



Gilding Metal. The metal of which gilded goods 

 are made is required to have as nearly as possible 

 the colour of gold, so that when the surface-gilding 

 is worn off at the more exposed parts the difference 

 of colour will not be readily apparent. This is 

 obtained by making a kind of brass having a much 

 larger proportion of copper than common brass. 

 The following are three receipts from among a 

 variety in use : ( 1 ) 6 parts copper, 1 common brass; 

 (2)4 parts copper to 1 Bristol brass; (3) 13 parts 

 copper, 3 parts brass, 12 parts tin. The last is 

 much harder than No. 1 or 2. 



Gilead (in Eng., ' region of rocks ') was a moun- 

 tainous district on the east side of the Jordan, 

 1 1- turn lei 1 on the N. by the Hieromax (Yarmuk), 

 on the E. by the desert tablelands of Arabia, on 

 the S. by Moab and Ammon, and on the W. l>y 

 the Jordan. The highest ridges of Gilead are of 

 dark-gray limestone ; lower down are yellow and 

 purple sandstones. Though all is desolate above, 

 on the slopes the vegetation is luxuriant, and .forests 

 of oak and terebinth occur. The name is not Ixirne 

 out in the character of the country, and the glens 

 exhibit great beauty and profusion of vegetation. 

 The district was given to the tribes of Manasseh, 

 Gad, and Reul>en, because of the multitude of their 

 cattle, and as a frontier land was much exposed to 

 invasion. There is mention of Gilead in Gen. 

 xxxi. Kan ioth (Es-Salt), Jabesh, and Jazer are 

 three of the ci ,ies mentioned in Scripture. Laurence 



< Hiphant (q.v.), who apeak* of Gilead a* a country 

 of wine and oil, with rich alluvial deposit*, sub- 

 mitted a scheme to the government at Constant- 

 inople for its colonisation by Jews. The Dead 

 Sea region he regarded tut a mine of unexplored 

 wealth, from which chlorate* of potassium, petro- 

 leum, and bitumen might be exixirted. The local 

 conditions he believed favourable to the introduc- 

 tion of immigrants. See Oliphant's Land of Gilead 

 (1880). 



Giles, ST (Lat. dSgidiun), was an Athenian 

 of royal descent, devoted from his cradle to good 

 works. After giving away his entire patrimony, 

 he lived two years with St Cu'sarius at Aries in 

 I'rovence, and then retired alone to a neighbouring 

 desert, where he sustained nature upon nerbs and 

 the milk of a hind that came of herself to his 

 cave. Once, on a hunting expedition, the king of 

 France, following up the track of the hind, ais- 

 covered yEgidius, and compelled him to become 

 the first abbot of a monastery he built upon the 

 spot. Here he died. His festival falls upon 1st 

 September. In the 6th century there was an ablxit 

 in Provence named . K^ idiu.-, but the date of the 

 saint is usually given as about the close of the 7th 

 century. He early became regarded as especially 

 the patron of lepers, beggars, and cripples, and his 

 cult spread quickly over England, France, and 

 Germany. In London, the church of St Giles, 

 Cripplegate, and the leper hospital at St Giles-in- 

 the- Fields, and in Edinburgh the High Kirk of 

 St Giles still commemorate his name. See Rem- 

 bry, St Gilles, sa Vie, ses lieliques, son C'ulte 

 (Bruges, 1884). 



Gilfillan, GEORGE, critic and essayist, was born 

 in 1813 at Comrie, Perthshire, where his father 

 was Secession minister. He studied at the univer- 

 sity of Glasgow, and at the divinity hall of the 

 Secession body, afterwards the United" Presbyterian 

 Church, and in 1835 he was licensed to preach the 

 gospel. In 1836 he was ordained to tne School 

 Wynd Church, Dundee, where he remained till his 

 death, 13th August 1878. He attained considerable 

 reputation as a lecturer and pulpit orator, and was 

 incessantly industrious with his pen. His friends 

 and fellow-citizens presented him with 1000 in 

 1877. His works are numerous. They display a 

 rich but reckless fancy, and wide literary sym- 

 pathies, although deficient perhaps in refinement 

 of taste. Among them are A Gallery of Literary 

 Portraits (3 vols. 1845-54); The Bards of the Bible 

 (1850; 7th ed. 1887); The Marti/ of the Scottish 

 Covenant (1852); History of a Man, largely auto- 

 biographical (1856); Alpha and Omega (1860); 

 Night: a Poem (1867); Remoter Stars in the 

 Church Sky (1867); Lives of Scott (1870), Dr W. 

 Anderson (1873), and Burns (1880); and Sketches, 

 Literary and Theological (1881). In 1853 he com- 

 menced an edition of the British Poets in 48 vols. 



Gilghit. See CASHMERE, DARDISTAN. 



Gill (Low Lat. gillo, gello, 'a drinking-glass'), 

 a measure of capacity, containing the fourth part 

 of a pint, or the thirty-second part of a Gallon 

 (q.v.). 



Gill* JOHN, an eminent Baptist divine, was 

 born at Kettering, Northamptonshire, November 

 23, 1697. He was mainly self-educated, yet became 

 proficient in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and after- 

 wards devoted himself much to the study of the 

 rabbinical writers. He became in 1719 pastor of a 

 Baptist church in Southwark ; from which, in 1757, 

 he removed to a chapel near London Bridge, where 

 he ministered till his death, October 14, 1771. His 

 first important work was an Exposition of the Song 

 of Soloinon (fol. 1728), in which he vindicated the 

 authenticity of that book against Winston. His 

 Exposition of the New TesUtmeiti appeared in 1746 



