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GILLENIA 



GILLS 



48 ; and subsequently his Exposition of the Old 

 Testament ( republished as one work, 9 vols. , with a 

 memoir, in 1810); A Body of Doctrinal Divinity 

 (1769); and A Body of Practical Divinity (1770). 

 He wrote also, as a controversialist, in defence of 

 the doctrine of the Trinity and of Calvinism. 

 Gill received the degree of D.D. from Aberdeen 

 in 1748. He was a robust Calvinist, devout, 

 laborious, and learned. 



Gillenia, a North American perennial genus of 

 Rosaceae, closely allied to Spiraea, and similarly 

 suitable for shrubberies. The roots are often called 

 Indian Physic, sometimes Wild Ipecac, Indian 

 Hippo, Dropwort, and Bowman's Root. 



Gillespie, GEOEGE, a prominent figure among 

 the Westminster Divines, was born at Kirkcaldy, 

 where his father was parish minister, 21st January 

 1613. He pursued his studies at St Andrews, and 

 early in 1638, after the power of the bishops had 

 been pulled down, was ordained minister of 

 Wemyss in Fife. He showed characteristic fear- 

 lessness at the Glasgow Assembly that same year, 

 was translated to Edinburgh in 1642, and the year 

 after was sent up, as one of Scotland's four repre- 

 sentatives, to the Westminster Assembly, where 

 his vigour, ability, and earnestness enabled him to 

 take a great part in the protracted debates on 

 church discipline and dogma. His Aaron's Bod 

 Blossoming, or the Divine Ordinance of Church- 

 government Vindicated (1646), is admittedly a 

 masterly statement of the high Presbyterian claim 

 for full spiritual independence. In 1648 Gillespie 

 was appointed moderator of tlie General Assembly, 

 but his already enfeebled frame soon sank under 

 its labours. He died at Kirkcaldy, 17th December 

 1648. 



Gillies, JOHN, historian, was born at Brechin, in 

 Forfarshire, January 18, 1747. He was educated at 

 the university of Glasgow, and for several years 

 acted as tutor to the sons of the Earl of Hopetoun. 

 In 1778 he published a translation of the Orations 

 of Isocrates and Lysias, with some Account of their 

 Lives ; and in 1786 his principal work, the History 

 of Ancient Greece, 2 vols. It was extremely popu- 

 lar on its first appearance, but has dropped out of 

 notice since the publication of the histories of 

 Thirl wall and Grote. His View of the Reign 'of 

 Frederick II. of Prussia appeared in 1789. In 

 1793 he was appointed historiographer to the king 

 for Scotland. He also published a translation of 

 Aristotle's Ethics and Politics ( 1797 ), and of Aris- 

 totle's Rhetoric (1823), and a History of the World 

 from Alexander to Augustus (2 vols. 1807-10). 

 He died at Clapham, February 15, 1836. 



Gillillgliam, a market-town of Dorsetshire, on 

 the Stour, 22 miles by rail W. of Salisbury. Near 

 it are the ' Pen Pits,' thought variously to be quarry- 

 holes or prehistoric dwellings. Pop. of parish, 4131. 



GilllS lain!. Polar land NE. of Spitzbergen, 

 first sighted in 1707 by Gillis, a Dutchman, in 81 

 30 N. lat. and 36' E. long., but not visited by 

 him. Some geographers identify it with King 

 Charles or Wiche Land, one of 'the Spitzbergen 

 group, situated in 79 N. lat. , and between 26 30' 

 and 32 30' E. long. 



Gillott, JOSEPH, born at Sheffield on llth 

 October 1799, shares with Sir Josiah Mason the 

 credit of having brought the manufacture of steel - 

 pens to its present state of high perfection (see 

 PENS). He died 5th January 1872. 



Gillray, JAMES, an English caricaturist, borrf 

 at Chelsea, of humble parentage, in 1757. He first 

 became known as a successful engraver about 1784, 

 and between 1779 and 1811 issued as many as 1500 

 caricatures, numbers of which, it is said, ' were 

 etched at once upon the copper without the assist- 



ance of drawings.' They are full of broad humour 

 and keen satire, the subjects of his ridicule being 

 generally the French, Napoleon, George III., and 

 the principal English politicians ; he also employed 

 his talents in castigating the social follies of his 

 day. He died in London, 1st June 1815. Gillray 

 lived for many years in the house of the printseller, 

 Miss Humphrey, in London. During the last four 

 years of his life he was insane. His caricatures, 

 which were very popular and not without influence 

 upon public opinion, often rise to a lofty level of 

 conception, and display true artistic feeling. A 

 selection of them was published by M'Lean (accom- 

 panied by an illustrative description ), in 304 sheets 

 (Lond. 1830). An edition with Life and Times of 

 Gillray, by T. Wright, was issued by Bohn ( 1851 ; 

 newed. 1873). 



Gills, or BRANCHIAE, organs of aquatic respira- 

 tion, consisting of expansions through the thin 

 skin of which oxygen dissolved in the water is 

 taken into the blood, while carbonic acid passes 

 out. It is difficult to say what animal first exhibits 

 gills ; for respiration through the general skin is 

 common in lower Invertebrates, and the distinction 

 between mere skin lobes and marked expansions 

 in special connection with the vascular system is 

 arbitrary. In starfishes thin out-pushings of the 

 lining of the body-cavity project through pores in 

 the skin ; a modification of this simple plan is seen 

 in some other Echinodermata ; while the charac- 

 teristic tube-feet are sometimes respiratory, and 

 the Holothurians have often respiratory tentacles. 

 In marine worms we find every transition from 

 vague skin respiration to the increase of this by 

 filaments or tentacles associated with legs or head, 



Fig. 1. Section of an Annelid "Worm : 

 br, gills; a, 6, blood-vessels ; i, intestine. (From Gegenbaur.) 



and finally to definite gills. These are usually thin 

 expansions, filamentous, tufted, or feathery, which 

 project into the water, have cilia on their outer 

 surface, and blood-vessels riddling them internally. 

 In some of the lower Crustaceans again ( Branchio- 

 poda i.e. 'gill-footed') a number of the legs are 

 thin enough to admit of respiration through their 

 surfaces, while the higher forms have associated 

 with some of their limbs special tufts of respiratory 

 filaments, or definite feathery gills, as in the 

 lobster. These consist of a main stem, within 



Fig. 2. Gills of Crayfish exposed (after Huxley). 



which are two canals, one for the impure blood 

 from the body, the other for the return of oxygen- 

 ated blood on its way to the heart ; but with 

 these canals are connected numerous hollow, thin- 



