(SILLS 



walled filaments, in which the real respiration 

 i- -Hi -cted. lii the lobster and it* allies these are 

 overlapped by the sides of the anterior shield, hut 

 water currents are kept up by the haling action of 

 mi- <if tli' anterior appendages on each side. In 

 tin- Kin- <-ral- sUmulii-.', rather an Arachnid than 

 u ( 'rust aeeaii, live paiis of alHloniiiial appendages 

 IMNU Mat ' gill-hooks,' each of which consists of an 

 axis bearing some 150 hollow, thin-walled, blood - 

 containing leaves. In the aquatic larvae of some 

 in^ct* the air-tubes (tmcheir) are closed, but 

 form gill-like outgrowths ( ' tracheal Kills'), by 

 means of which oxygen is absorbed. In bivalve 

 molluscs (Lamellibranchs) the -ills usually form 

 ciliated plates on each side of the body. Each gill, 

 or ctenidium, as it is often called, really consists of 

 two rows of hollow processes of the body-wall, 

 extending downwards on each side of the foot, but 

 each filament at its free end usually bends up 

 again, so that a cross section has the form of a \V, 



tlie i Han apex of which represents the point of 



origin from the body-wall. Neighbouring filaments 

 become linked to one another, and ascending and 

 descending parts of the same filament are likewise 

 crossed by bridges, so that finally continuous plates 

 result, channelled by blood- 

 containing canals. Some- 

 what simpler on the whole 

 are the external gill filaments 

 of chiton, of the limpet, of 

 nudibranchs, &c., or the in- 



GILPIN 



213 



Fig. 3. Diagram of Fig. 4. Dissection of the 



the Circulation of the Pharynx of a Fish : 



Blood through the Showing by arrows, 6, the course 



Gills : of the water ; a, the gill arches ; 



d,d, artery and branches; c . th . e gills: d, the external 



e,e, vein and branches. opening ; e, the gullet 



ternal gills (covered by a folding of the mantle) in 

 many aquatic Gasteropods ; or lastly, the well- 

 developed feather- like gills in the mantle cavity of 

 cuttle-fishes. 



Among vertebrates gills are developed only as 

 far as the amphibians, all of which have them in 

 their youth, though many, such as the frog, have ! 

 them entirely replaced oy lungs in adult life. 

 IJevond amphibians gills never occur, though j 

 branchial or visceral clefts on the sides of the i 

 pharynx remain as traces of the ancestral condi- 

 tion. In tunicates and in the lancelet water 

 entering by the mouth washes the blood spread 

 out in vessels between slits on the walls of the 

 pharynx, but there are no gills. In the round 

 mouths, or Cyclostomata, the gills are enclosed in 

 pocket-like structures, through which the water | 

 passes. In fishes we have to distinguish transitory 

 external gills occasionally present from true in- I 

 ternal gill-filaments home mi th" branchial arches, i 



and washed a- usual by the water which entering 



by the mouth passe* out by the j.'ill idit*. The gill 

 of a tish generally MMiMI of two triangular folds 

 of mucous membrane, supported by the branchial 

 arch and minor cartilaginous rods, and traverse*], 



Fig. 5. 

 Young Dog-fish, showing transitory external gills. 



as the diagram suggest*, by vessels with impure 

 blood from the heart, and with oxygenated blood 

 to the body (see FISHKS). For Amphibia, see the 

 case of the tadpole described in the article FK<M;, 

 and the various adult states described in the article 

 AMPHIBIA. The student should examine especi- 

 ally the gills of bivalves e.g. mussel of fishes, 

 and of tadpoles. See CIRCULATION, MOLLUSCA, 

 RESPIRATION. 



For the general comparative anatomy of gills, -e 

 Professor F. Jeffrey Bell's Comparative Anatomy and 

 Physiology (Lond. 1885), and other text-books. For 

 minute structure of gills, see especially Holman Peck, 

 Quart. Journ. Micr. Sri. xvii. (1877), and Professor 

 Ray Lankester's article ' Mollusca ' in the Ency. Brit. 



iiillyflower, a popular English name for some 

 of the cruciferous plants most prized for the beauty 

 and fragrance of their flowers, as wallflower in the 

 west of England, stocks in other parts, &c. ; also 

 for Hesperis matronalis, Dame's Violet (q.v. ). 

 The clove-pink also, the wild original of the car- 

 nation, is called Clove-Gillyflower. The name 

 gillyflower has been regarded as a corruption of 

 July-floiver ; but in Chaucer it appears in the form 

 gilufre, ; and the French giroflte indicates the true 

 derivation from girofle, a clove, the smell of the 

 clove-gillyflower being somewhat like that of cloves. 



(jilolo. one of the Moluccas (q.v.) or Spice 

 Islands. 



4. i I pi n. BERNARD, the 'Apostle of the North,' 

 was born of an old Westmorland family, at 

 Kentmire Hall, in 1517, studied at Queen's 

 College, Oxford, and early showed unusual apti- 

 tude for learning. In 1552 he became vicar of 

 Norton, in the diocese of Durham, but soon resigned 

 the living to pursue his studies at Lonvain. Re- 

 turning to England towards the close of Man's 

 reign, Tie was appointed by his uncle Bishop Tun- 

 stall to be arcndeacon of Durham and rector of 

 Easingkm. Here his fearless honesty against 

 pluralities and the indolence and viciousness of 

 the clergy soon made him many enemies, whose 

 charges of heresy Tunstall not only set aside, but, 

 after Gilpin hao resigned both his living and the 

 arcl; 'eaconry, appointed him to be rector of Hough- 

 ton-ie-Spring. On the way to London, whither he hail 

 been summoned by Ron tier, he accidentally broke 

 his leg, and before he was able to resume his journey 

 Eli/abeth hail succeeded Mary and he was safe. 

 The see of Carlisle and the provost.shij) of Queen's 

 College, Oxford, were in turn offered him, but loth 

 he refused, preferring to spend the remainder of his 

 life at Houghton in unceasing works of lienevolence. 

 His parish was wide, and sunk in the deepest igno- 

 rance, but he continually preached and exhorted in 

 the pulpit and from house to house, settled the 

 quarrels of his turbulent parishioners, set up a 

 grammar-school, and practised unbounded hospi- 

 tality to strangers, to travellers, and to the poor, 

 spending ' every fortnight 40 bushels of corn, 2C 



