214 



GILPIN 



GIN 



bushels of malt, and an ox, besides a proportional 

 quantity of other kinds of provisions. Through 

 Cecil he had obtained the rare distinction of a 

 general license for preaching, and armed Avith this 

 he regularly made preaching excursions into the 

 wildest parts of Cumberland, Westmorland, and 

 Northumberland. His visits to the turbulent dis- 

 tricts of Tynedale and Redesdale he generally made 

 about Christmas time, when it was easiest to gather 

 the people together. The fearlessness of his temper 

 is seen in the story of his taking down and putting 

 into his bosom a glove which had been hung up as 

 a challenge in a church in which he had to preach. 

 His own naturally warm temper he held under 

 complete control. His tall and slender person, his 

 indifference to dress, and temperance in diet, added 

 to his rare spiritual elevation of character, helped 

 to make this singular man's influence over his 

 people supreme. His last years were troubled 

 with infirm health, from which he was relieved by 

 death, 4th March 1583. There is a life of Gilpin 

 written by Bishop Carleton, one of his pupils, in 

 Bates's V*itce Selectorum aliquot Virorum ( [1681 ), a 

 translation of which will be found in vol. iii. of C. 

 Wordsworth's Ecclesiastical Biography. See also 

 Collingwood's Memoirs of Bernard Gilpin (1884). 



WILLIAM, was born at Carlisle in 1724. 

 He was educated at Oxford, and kept a school at 

 Cheam in Surrey, but was afterwards presented to 

 the living of Boldre in Hampshire, where he died in 

 1804. His name is remembered for a series of 

 books on the scenery of various parts of Britain 

 illustrated by aquatint engravings of his own 

 execution. Of these the chief are Observations on 

 Picturesque Beauty in several parts of Great Britain, 

 particularly the Highlands of Scotland (1778); 

 The River Wye and Southern Districts of Wales 

 (1782); The Lake Country ( 1789 ) ; Forest Scenery 

 ( 1791 ) ; and The Western Parts of England and 

 Isle of Wight (1798). 



Gilthead ( Chrysophrys ), a genus of ' sea- 

 breams ' or Sparida^ represented by about a score 

 of species from the wanner seas, best known by the 

 Mediterranean species (Ch. aurata), sometimes 

 found on the southern coasts of England. Large 

 species occur off the Cape of Good Hope, and Ch. 

 hasta is common on East Indian and Chinese 

 coasts. The gilthead has an oblong and com- 

 pressed body, a single dorsal fin with spines which 

 can be received into a groove, scaly cheeks and 

 gill-cover, and two kinds of teeth, sharp like 

 canines in front, rounded like molars behind. The 

 length is about a foot ; the back is silvery gray, 



Common Gilthead (Chrysophrys aurata). 



shaded with blue ; the belly like polished steel ; 

 the sides have golden bands ; and there is a half- 

 moon-shaped spot of gold between the eyes to 

 which the various names Chrysophrys ('golden eye- 

 brow'), Aurata ('gilded'), Daurade, and Gilthead 

 obviously refer. They feed chiefly on molluscs, in 

 search of which they are said to stir up the sand 

 with their tails. The fish is generally found near 

 the shore in small shoals, and its presence is some- 

 times betrayed to fishermen by the noise which its 

 teeth make in crushing shells. It was often kept 



in the vivaria by the Romans, being much valued 

 and easily fattened. 



Gil Vicente, the father of the Portuguese 

 drama, was born, probably at Lisbon, about 1470, 

 and died, probably at Evora, shortly after 1536. He 

 studied jurisprudence at the university of Lisbon, 

 but soon abandoned this for dramatic poetry. His 

 first piece, a pastoral drama in Spanish, was repre- 

 sented in 1502, to celebrate the birth of an heir to 

 the throne. The success of this play led to his 

 being employed on all similar occasions throughout 

 the reigns of Emanuel and John III. He produced 

 in all 42 pieces, of which 10 were in Spanish, 17 in 

 Portuguese, and the remainder in both languages. 

 They consist of religious dramas, comedies, and 

 farces ; are composed almost wholly in the medieval 

 spirit ; and contain several touches of poetic feel- 

 ing, and in places are rich in humour. The first 

 edition of his works was published in 1562. In 

 1834 a complete reprint was issued by Feio and 

 Monteiro ( 3 vols. Hamb. ). 



Gimbals (Lat. gemellus, 'a twin') are two 

 circular brass hoops used for suspending the com- 

 pass-box on board ship, so that it may always rest 

 horizontally, unaffected by the ship's motion. The 

 outer hoop is attached to a box or other fixed 

 object, while the inner is constructed so as to allow 

 of its moving freely within the outer, to which it is 

 attached by two pivots at the extremities of a 

 diameter. The compass-box is attached to the 

 inner hoop by two similar pivots at right angles to 

 the former. Thus the compass moves freely in 

 two directions at right angles to each other, and 

 can always retain its horizontal position, however 

 the vessel may roll or pitch. Gimbals are also 

 applied to other instruments. 



Gimp, or GYMP, a kind of trimming for dress, 

 curtains, furniture, &c. , made either of silk, wool, 

 or cotton. Its peculiarity is that fine wire is 

 twisted into the thin cord of which it is made. 

 Gold and silver are used in the manufacture of 

 military gimps. 



Gin, or GENEVA, an alcoholic drink, distilled 

 from malt or from unmalted barley or other grain, 

 and afterwards rectified and flavoured. The gin 

 which forms the common spirituous drink of the 

 lower classes of London and its vicinity is flavoured 

 very slightly with oil of turpentine and common 

 salt. Each rectifier has his own particular recipe 

 for regulating the quantities to be used, but 

 usually about 5 fluid ounces of spirit of turpentine 

 and 3 Ib. of salt are mixed in 10 gallons of water ; 

 these are placed in the rectifying still, with 80 

 gallons of proof corn-spirit, and distilled until the 

 feints begin to come over. The product is then 

 used either unsweetened or sweetened with sugar. 

 Potato spirit is used in the manufacture of inferior 

 qualities of gin. 



The word gin is a shortened form of geneva, so 

 called by confusion with the Swiss town of Geneva, 

 but itself really a corrupted form of the Old Fr. 

 genevre, 'juniper,' from the Lat. juniperus. It is 

 well known that juniper-berries are still used in 

 flavouring the spirit made from rye-meal and malt 

 in Holland, where it is an article of great manu- 

 facture, chiefly at Schiedam ; hence it is often 

 called Schiedam or Hollands, as well as geneva and 

 gin. The larger part by far of the spirit made in 

 Holland is exported to other countries, especially 

 to North America and northern Europe. It was 

 formerly always exported in bottles, a square form 

 of which is still familiar, but casks are now much 

 used as well. 



Almost every gin-palace keeper in London has 

 some vile recipe for increasing the pungency and 

 giving a factitious strength to the much-diluted 

 sweetened spirit sold under this name. A mere 



