GIRTON COLLEGE 



GIVOR8 



221 



fellow student of Tumor ; ami to them many 



improvement- in \\atcrcoloiir painting are due. 

 (iiit in -truck out u bolder sty If than had Imen 

 attempted. :ii taincd ".real richness of colour and 

 lircadtli, luit was somewhat careless of detail, and 

 -Minetiiiies inaccurate in drawing. His lcst works 

 ;in- ]ianoraiiiir views of London and of Paris. 



GirtOll i'olI'K' t'"' most notable collide for 

 women in England, was instituted at Hitchin in 

 1869, but ri'inovi'd to Girton, near Cambridge, in 

 Instruction is given in divinity, niodi-rn 

 language-,, cla-Mc-, mat In-mat ics, moral science, 

 natural science (including physiology and chcmis- 

 tr\ , history, vocal music. There are about thirty 

 lecturers, mostly connected with Cambridge I'ni 

 \ersity. The mistress and five resident lecturers 

 arc ladies. The students, who number alwve 100, 

 an- admitted after an entrance examination; the 

 ordinary course extends over three years, half of 

 each year being spent in college. ' Degree Certifi- 

 cates are granted to those who satisfy their 

 examiners as to their proficiency according to the 

 standard of the examinations for the B.A. of Cam- 

 bridge University ; 35 per term covers all college 

 charges. 



Girvail, an Ayrshire seaport and burgh of 

 barony, is at the mouth of the river Girvan, and 

 21 miles SSW. of Ayr by rail. The harbour is 

 small, but has been improved since 1881. The valley 

 of the Girvan is one of the most fertile and best- 

 cultivated districts in the south of Ayrshire. The 

 town is opposite Ailsa Craig (which is 10 miles 

 W. ), was once a thriving seat of weaving, and is 

 now frequented for sea-bathing. Pop. ( 1851 ) 7306 ; 

 (1881) 4505; (1891)4081. 



Gishorne a post-town of New Zealand, in the 

 North Island, is situated on the river Turanganui 

 ( line bridge, 1885 ), 250 miles SE. of Auckland, with 

 which city it has steamer communication. It is 

 the port of entry for Poverty Bay, a name given by 

 Captain Cook in 1769, and sometimes still retained 

 for the town ; only small vessels can come up to the 

 wharves, but in 1889-96 a harbour costing 200,000 

 was constructed. The country round is a rich 

 dairy region, and in 1886 petroleum was struck in 

 the neighbourhood. Pop. 2158. 



Gisors. a town in the French department of 

 Eure, on the Epte, 43 miles N\V. of Paris by rail. 

 Its double-aisled church, whose choir dates from the 

 13th century, has a splendid flamlmyant portal ; 

 and the octagonal donjon of the ruined castle was 

 built by Henry I. of England. Here Richard I. 

 defeated the French in 1198 ; his watchword, Dieu 

 et mon Droit, has ever since been the motto of the 

 royal arms of England. Pop. 3960. 



<if srliin (Czech Jicin), a town of Bohemia, 60 

 miles by rail NE. of Prague, with 8071 inhabitants, 

 who manufacture sugar and carry on agriculture. 

 Gitschin was once the capital of the duchy of Fried - 

 land, and here Wallenstciu Imilt a splendid palace 

 (1630). On 29th June 1866 the Austrians were 

 severely defeated here by the Prussians. 



Gingliano, a town of Italy, 8 miles NW. of 

 Naples, with a trade in corn and grapes. Pop. 

 11,748. 



Gilllio Romano. Giulio Pippide'Giannu/zi, 

 the chief pupil of Raphael, and after his death head 

 of the Roman school, was born at Rome altout 1492 

 some authorities say 1498. His excellence as an 

 architect and engineer almost equalled his genius 

 as a painter. Giulio assisted Raphael in the exe- 

 cution of several of his finest works, such as the 

 series of the so-called Raphael's Bible in the loggie 

 of the Vatican and the 'Benefactors of the Church' 

 in the Incendio del Borgo, and at Raphael's death 

 he completed the ' Battle of Constantme ' and the 



' Apparition of tin- Cross' in the Hall of Contan- 

 tinc in the Vatican. He likewise inherited a great 

 jMini.iii of Raphael's wealth and hi- works of art. 

 Tin- paintings executed by Giulio in imitation of 

 Raphael reHwt nut only the style and character, 

 hut the sent inient and spirit of the master ; but, on 

 tin- other hand, his more original creation* are 

 deficient in the ideal grace of Raphael, and din- 

 play rather breadth and power of treatment and 

 hold new of imagination tnari poetical refinement 

 or elevation. With a thorough knowledge of 

 design he combined a facile skill in eonp<Mition 

 and a thorough appreciation of classical ideals. 

 Before lie left Koine he built the Villa Madam a, 

 and adorned it with a fresco of Polyphemus. About 

 the end of 1524 Giulio accepted the invitation of 

 Federigo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, to proceed 

 thither and carry out a series of architectural and 

 pictorial works. The drainage of the marshes sur- 

 rounding the city, and the protection of it from the 

 frequent inundations of the rivers Po and Mincio, 

 attest his skill as an engineer ; while his genius an 

 an architect found scope in the restoration and 

 adornment of the Palazzo del Te, the cathedral, the 

 streets, and a ducal palace at Marmirolo, a few 

 miles from Mantua. Amongst the pictorial works 

 of this period were the ' History of Troy,' in the 

 castle, and ' Psyche,' ' Icarus,' and the 'Titans,' in 

 the Te palace. In Bologna, too, he designed the 

 facade of the church of S. Petronio. Perhaps the 

 best of his oil-pictures are the ' Martyrdom of St 

 Stephen ' (at Genoa), ' A Holy Family ' (Dresden), 

 'Mary and Jesus' (Louvre), and the 'Madonna 

 della Gatta' (Naples). Giulio died at Mantua, 

 1st November 1546. See D'Arco's Vita e Opere di 

 Giulio Romano ( 1842). 



GilirgeVO ( Roumanian Giurgiu ), a town of 

 Roumania, on the left bank of the I)anul>e, directly 

 opposite Rustchuk, 40 miles by rail SSW. of 

 Bucharest, of which town it is the port. It 

 imports iron and textile goods, coal, anu spirits, 

 and exports corn, salt, and petroleum. It was 

 originally settled by the Genoese in the 14th cen- 

 tury, who called it St George. Since 1771 the 

 town has played an important part in all the wars 

 between the Turks and the Russians. Pop. 15,300. 



< i list i. GIUSEPPE, political poet and satirist, 

 was born 12th May 1809, at Monsummano, near 

 Pistoia, He studied law at Pisa, and for a time 

 practised at Florence ; but from 1830 onwards 

 found his sphere as a keen and incisive satirist, 

 writing in brilliant and popular style a series of 

 poems, in which the enemies of Italy and the vices 

 of the age were mercilessly denounced. But it was 

 not till 1848 that he published a volume of verse 

 under his own name. Save in satire his work is 

 second-rate. He was elected a member of the 

 Tuscan chamber of deputies in 1848, and died 31st 

 March 1850. Among his most notable poems (all 

 short) were // Dies Ires (1835), Lo Stivale (1836), 

 Girdla ( 1840), San? Ambropio ( 1844 ). Editions of 

 his works were published in 1863 and 1877. See 

 Fioretto, Giuseppe Giusti ( 1877). 



Givet. a frontier town and first-class fortress 

 in the French department of Ardennes, on Inith 

 banks of the Meuse, 31 miles by rail S. of Namur 

 in Melgium, and 193 NE. of Paris. The citadel of 

 Charlemont, on a rock 700 feet above the stream, 

 was reconstructed by Vauban. There are manu- 

 factures of lead-pencils, and sealing-wax, copper- 

 wares, soap, &c. Pop. ( 1891 ) 521 1. 



Givorsu a smoky town in the French depart- 

 ment of Rhone, on the right bank of the Rhone, 

 14 miles S. of Lyons by rail. Glass, especially 

 bottles, and silk and iron goods are extensively 

 manufactured, and a considerable trade in coal is 

 carried on. Pop. (1891) 10,792. 



