GLANVILL 



r;i, AIM'S 



231 



with the main purl of the alimentary 

 canal HI r of eiidodcrmic origin. 



The -tim-tuie ui secretory pouches varies greatly, 

 ami, as (In- accompanying diagram suggests, glands 

 m:i\ he classilied according l<> their morphological 

 complexity, as tulmlur, saccular, lobed, nuicli 

 branched or racemose, &c. The more complex 

 glands e.g. liver or kidney will be di.-eu--ed 

 iimlcr their proper headings. In all simple glands 

 tin- pouch is at in-i a mere sac ; but as tne epithe- 

 lium increases greatly, and yet is more or less cii 

 i-iim-ci ilii-il in its expansion, lobing and branching 

 naturally result. 



A third classification of glands is possible viz. 

 according to their functions oxen-tor}' or secre- 

 tory, lubricatury or digestive, and so on. The 

 various functions of the different glands will be 

 dixMissed under separate headings ; see the articles 

 ('IltCULATION, DIGESTION, KIDNEYS, LlVER, 



I' \\ri.-K\s, REPRODUCTION, SALIVA, SECRETION, 

 SPLEEN, &c. 



Many structures are often called glands, which 

 are so far removed either in structure or in function 

 or in both from those above mentioned that the 

 term is misleading. Such are the reproductive 

 organs, the ' pineal gland,' the spleen, the thyroid 

 and thymus 'glands,' the K mphatic glands,' the 

 supra renal capsules, and so on. 



DISK ASKS OK THE GLANDS. The 'lymphatic 

 glands ' are subject to enlargement from acute in- 

 flammation aim abscess, usually in consequence of 

 irritation of the part from which their lymphatics 

 spring, a.s in the case of scarlet fever (in which the 

 glands of the throat are affected), in gonorrhea 

 (the glands of the groin), &c. The treatment of 

 such absws-es belongs to the ordinary principles of 

 surgery (see ABSCESS, ADENITIS). A much more 

 troublesome affection of the glands is the slow, 

 comparatively rainless, at first dense solid swelling 

 which they undergo in Scrofula (q.v.), which tends 

 very slowly, if at all, to suppuration, and some- 

 times remains for years. In Syphilis (q.v.) and 

 Cancer (q.v.) there are also enlargements of the 

 lymphatic glands. Scrofulous or tubercular disease 

 of tin; mesenteric glands in children constitutes 

 Tabes mesenterica (see MESENTERY). The larger 

 glands, as the liver, kidney, pancreas, spleen, 

 thyroid, thymus, testicle, have all their special 

 diseases, which will be noticed, so far as necessary, 

 in treating of these organs. 



4 Jamil I. JOSEPH, was born at Plymouth in 

 1630, entered Exeter College, Oxford, in 1652. and 

 took his degree in due course, residing afterwards 

 at Lincoln College. The dominant Aristotelianism 

 of Oxford weighed on him almost as heavily as the 

 prevailing Puritan dogmatism of the outer world 

 lie would have breathed more freely in the air of 

 Cambridge, and so have reached the 'new philo- 

 sophy' of Descartes by a much shorter route. 

 After the Restoration," Wood tells us that he 

 'turned about and became a Latitudinarian.' He 

 took orders, and was appointed in 1662 to the 

 vicarage of Froine in Somerset, which he exchanged 

 in 1672 for the rectory of Street in the same county. 

 Already in 1666 he had Income rector of the Abbey 

 Church in Bath, and in 1678 he was installed 

 prebendary of Worcester. He died of fever in 

 1680, and was buried in the north aisle of the 

 Abbey Church at Bath. Glanvill early succeeded 

 in shaking himself free from religious and scientific 

 dogmatism, and his famous work, The Vanity of 

 l>'"linatizing, or Conjitlcnn: in Oy,,/,/,,//. v ( 1661 ), was 

 a noble appeal for freethought and experimental 

 science. In its second issue ( 1665) it took the new 

 title of Scepsis Scientifica, or Con/eat Ignorance tin- 

 Way to Science, prefaced by a warm panegyric on 

 the newly-founded Royal Society, of which he had 

 become a fellow the year before (new ed., with 



introductory eaaay by John Owen, 1885). A 



strong sense of the infirmity of human reason wan 

 a fundamental axiom in < .lanvill'* thought; and 

 a striking corollary to this wan his credulity a* 

 to witchcraft, seen in hi- Pk&OtQpMctU (-'oiufiderti- 

 tiniis toiir/iuii/ the Beiny of Witchea ami \\'i1< Itcraft 

 (1666), and in later books suggested by the doing* 

 of the invisible drummer at Sir Mompe>son\ IIOUM- 

 at Tedwortb, Wiltshire, in 1663. His notion* on 

 this subject are seen further in the posthumous 

 Satlducixtnua Trivmjt/uitv*, or a Full and 7 '//// 

 Evidence concerning Witclies and Apparitiom( 1681 ). 

 The bonk is inductive in the form of its argument, 

 the 1 1 roof being based on a collection of modern 

 relations, but of course it is Itased upon a funda- 

 mental misconception of the nature of human 

 testimony. Glanvill maintained that Atheism was 

 l>egun in Sadducism, and that witches disproved, 

 all spiritual existence vanished with them. Hi* 

 supei-stition was at least a relief from the gross 

 materialism that was the inevitable reaction from 

 Puritan dogmatism ; and, if it was really unnbilo- 

 sophical, it was shared by Boyle, Henry More, 

 Baxter, and Cud worth. 



Crlanvill, RANULK DE, chief -justiciary of 

 England in the reign of Henry II., and author of 

 the earliest treatise on the laws of England, the 

 Tractatus de Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglice, 

 which was composed about the year 1181. It 

 treats of the forms of procedure in use in the Aiila 

 Regis or King's Court, over which he presided, and 

 consists of fourteen books. It was first printed in 

 the year 1554 ; and the best edition, with a trans- 

 lation, of it is that by Sir Travere Twiss (Record 

 Publication, 1892). The treatise closely resembles 

 the Scottish Regiam Majestatem, which, howeter, 

 it is now generally agreed, is of later date than 

 the Tractatus. Glanvill was Ixmi at Stratford in 

 Suffolk, but in what year is not known ; in 1175 he 

 raised a body of knights to fight against William 

 the Lion of Scotland, and in 1180 l>ecame justiciary 

 of all England. Being removed from this office by 

 Richard 1. on his accession, Glanvill took the cross, 

 and died at the siege of Acre ( 1 1 90 ). 



Glanville, BARTHOLOMEW DE. See ENCY- 

 CLOPAEDIA. 



(laptliorne, HENRY, a minor dramatist in the 

 period of decadence that followed the Kli/abet ban, 

 of wlio.se life nothing whatever is known save that 

 he flourished between the years 1639 and 1643, was 

 a friend of Cotton and Lovelace, wrote a few 

 fair poems and five plays Albertus Wallenstrin, 

 a tragedy ; Argalus and Parthenia, a poetical 

 dramatisation of part of the Arcadia ; two comedies, 

 The Hollander and Wit in a Conxtui,!, ,- and l.nee'a 

 1'i-ii-ileue, a 1 1 agico-comedy. Mr Bullen, on dubious 

 internal evidence, attributes to him also Tin- l.ndij 

 Mother. Glapthorne's dramatic faculty is but 

 feeble, and it was hardly a kindness to his memory 

 to reprint his works (2 vols. 1874), which long 

 encumbered the book-stalls. Nor was it wise 

 of his anonymous editor to try to eke out our 

 slender knowledge of his life by irrelevant and 

 unedifying details about one George Glapthorne 

 of Whittlesea, who need not even have been a 

 relative. 



<larils. a canton of Switzerland, bounded by 

 the cantons of StGall, theGrisons, Uri, ami Schwyz, 

 with an area of 266* sq. m., and (1888) S&H& 

 inhabitants, of whom four-fifths belong to the Re- 

 formed Church. It is an Alpine region, trenched 

 by the valley of the Linth or Limmat and its lateral 

 vales, and rising in its south-western corner, in the 

 Todi peak, to an altitude of 11,887 feet. The 

 climate is very severe, and only one- fifth of the 

 land is arable. The rearing of cattle and the manu- 

 facture of cotton and woollen goods are the chief 



