GLASGOW 



280 



populous ili>ti id-. Tin-re is iilv. u circiilur c 



-uliwiiy (ij mill's lonx, with til't'-'-n stations, on 

 Dotkiideaof tin- rivrr. OriginMlng witb tin 1 cor 



|iuiiitii>ii uulhoritie-, tin- running of tram curs -now 

 tin- |>rn|Tly i'f tli.- t..\\u ami driven largely by 

 electricity in Glasgow lias proved a great success. 

 Another meaiU of Iian-it is foiiml in tin- magnifi- 

 i rut Meet of river-steamers, which are noted lor 

 speed, comfort, ami elegance of appointment, and 

 all'or.l a rapid anil easy meant* of access to all the 

 \Ve-tt-rn Highlands anil Islands, thus making Glas- 

 gow the metropolis of the West. Two of the fore- 

 must of these 'floating palaces' are the Colmnlnt 

 and the Lord of the Jsffn, the fonner of which 

 attains a speed of 22 miles an hour, and can 

 accommodate 2000 passengers on its daily journey 

 of 160 miles. 



The river Clyde (q.v.) has been a chief source of 

 the great prosperity of Glasgow, and it is to the 

 credit of Glasgow citizens that through their enter- 

 prise its utility has almost been created by the 

 gigantic works of narrowing the channel and aredg- 

 * ing, so that what within the memory of persons stul 

 alive was a stream over which one could wade has 

 now become a channel capable of allowing ships 

 which draw 24 feet of- water to ride at anchor. 

 The quayage of the harbour and docks from the 

 Broomielaw extends to over 11,000 lineal yards, 

 and the water space covers 1544, acres, while 

 since 1875 two graving-docks have been provided 

 capable of accommodating the largest mercan- 

 tile steamers afloat. On the river and harbour 

 the Clyde Navigation Trust has spent about 

 eleven millions sterling, and the annual revenue 

 usually exceeds 300,000; while the customs 

 revenue of the port amounts to more than 

 1,500.000. The principal feature of the Clyde 

 beyond the harbour is the great shipbuilding and 

 marine engineering yards which line its sides, and 

 which have flourished since the second quarter of 

 this century. The pioneers of these industries 

 the Napiers, Charles Randolph, John Elder, iSrc. 

 have a world-wide fame. Thev launched from their 

 yards the most perfect examples of naval architec- 

 ture and engineering skill of their day, and their 

 successors at the present day amply uphold that 

 reputation by marvels of naval architecture, such 

 as the City of New York, City of Paris, Lucania, 

 ami ('mil /uni in (see SHIPBUILDING). The greatest 

 tonnage launched in any year on the Clyde was 

 4lfUiOOin 1883: the normal output is from 200,000 

 tn 300,000 tons; in 1889-95 the yearly tonnage 

 built wits upwards of 300,000 tons. To the success 

 of the little Coinet, the earliest trading steamship 

 in the Oltl World, which began to ply between 

 Glasgow and Greenock in 1812, may be traced 

 the great development of shipbuilding and shipping 

 on the Clyde. 



But another factor in the industrial prosperity 

 of the city is the fact that it is built over a 

 coalfield rich in seams of ironstone. Glasgow is 

 exceptional in having blast-furnaces actually within 

 its municipal l>ounds. It was in the neighliourliood 

 of the city that the first experiments with Neilson's 

 hot-blast in iron-furnaces, patented in 1828, were 

 made, and the economy thereby effected developed 

 the iron industry so rapidly in Glasgow AS to 

 distance for a long period all competition. Great 

 forges, with powerful steam-hammers and other 

 appliances, the making of steam-tubes, Iwn'ler-mak- 

 ing, locomotive-engine building, sugar machinery, 

 and general engineering are among the most im 

 portant industrial features of the city. 



Bleaching and calico-printing were established in 

 Glasgow in 1738, nearly thirty years earlier than 

 in Lancashire. The dyeing of Turkey-red was 

 inaugurated in 1785 as a British industry by 

 'wo Glasgow citizens, David Dale and George 



\Iicmt, ,-h tin- colour Ix'ing known for a long 

 tim- as Dale's n-'l ; ami thin branch of trade had 

 developed ill Glasgow and the MlghbowlMMd to 

 an extent unequalled in any other manufacturing 

 centre. In Glasgow, also, bleaching -jiowdei (chlor- 

 ide of lime) was iliscoven-d in 17W by Mr Charles 

 Tt nnaiit, who thereby laid the foundation of the 

 gigantic St Hollox chemical works, and gave the 

 lirst ini]>etus to chemical works generally. These, 

 along with the spinning and weaving indnstii'- 

 which have l>een centredin the great city^factories 

 since the inventions of Arkwright, Cartwright, and 

 others superseded hand loom weaving, have for the 

 past century afforded employment for a great pro- 

 portion of tlie imputation of the town. 



TIIK I'MVKKSITY OF GLASGOW was founded on 

 Tlli .January 1450-51 by Bishop Turnbull, who 

 procured a bull of ratification from Pope Nicholas V. 

 In 1460 James, first Lord Hamilton, endowed a 

 college on the site in the densest part of the High 

 Street of the late buildings, the older portions of 

 which were erected between 1632 and 1656. Queen 

 Mary bestowed on the university 13 acres of 

 adjacent ground. In 1577 James VI. granted 

 increased funds in a new charter. In 1864 the 

 university buildings and adjacent lands were sold 

 for 100,000, and handsome new buildings, designed 

 by Sir G. Gill>ert Scott, were erected at Gilmore- 

 hill, overlooking the West End Park, and opened 

 in 1870. The total cost was about 470,000, of 

 which 120,000 was granted by parliament, and 

 above 250,000 subscrilted and otherwise obtained, 

 chiefly in Glasgow. For the erection of a common 

 hall the Marquis of Bute gave 40,000 ; and a be- 

 quest of 70,000 by Charles Randolph was utilised 

 in completing the buildings. More recent bequests 

 have been employed largely for laboratories and 

 other adjuncts of scientific teaching and research. 



Chairs, Office-bearers, Degrees. The office- bearers 

 of the university consist of a Chancellor,. Rector, 

 Principal, and Dean of Faculties. The Chancellor 

 holds nis office for life, and was formerly elected 

 by the senate, but since 1875 he is elected by the 

 general council ; the Rector is elected triennially by 

 the matriculated students, who are divided, aceonf- 

 ing to their place of birth, into four nations 

 Glottiana( Lanarkshire), Transforthana (Scotland 

 north of the Forth), Rothseiana (Buteshire, Ren- 

 frewshire, and Ayrshire), Loiidoniana (all other 

 places ). In the university there are now ( through 

 the recent separation of the faculty of science 

 from that of arts) five faculties: Arts, Science, 

 Divinity, Law, and Medicine ; thirty-one profes- 

 sorships (eighteen founded during the nineteenth 

 century), and upwards of thirty lectureships 

 (all of recent foundation). The degrees granted 

 are Master of Arts (M.A.), Bachelor of Science 

 (B.Sc.), Doctor of Science (D.Sc.), Doctor of Medi- 

 cine (M.D.), Master of Surgery (C.M.), Bachelor 

 of Divinity (B.D.), Bachelor of Law (B.L.K 

 I'.adielor of Laws (LL.B.), Doctor of Divinity 

 (D.D.), and Doctor of Laws (LL.D.), the last t\\.> 

 being honorary. The university also grants certifi- 

 cates as Literates in Arts (L.A.) to candidates who 

 have attended two sessions, and certificates of 

 various grades to women and students not attending 

 university classes, on the results of local examina 

 tions ; besides which it has instituted a diploma for 

 teachers. The number of matriculated students 

 in 1870-75 was about 1300 ; of late years the aver, 

 age number is a little under or a little over 2000, 

 nearly half being in the faculty of Arts. The 

 students reside outside the college walls ; and those 

 in certain classes of the Faculty of Arts wear scarlet 

 gowns. The university, conjointly with that of 

 Aberdeen, returns one member to parliament. 



Bursaries and Exhibitions. Then are upwards 

 of 300 bursaries for students still attending lectures, 



