236 



GLASNEVIN 



GLASS 



ranging in value from 6 to 80 ; and with exhibi- 

 tions, fellowships, and scholarships (besides 9 com- 

 mon to Glasgow with the other Scottish univer- 

 sities), the amount distributed yearly exceeds 

 8000. Of the latter the most valuable are the 

 four Clark scholarships, founded in 1872, and each 

 worth 200 a year. The oldest are the Snell exhi- 

 bitions, founded by John Snell, a native of Ayrshire, 

 who in 1677 presented to the university a landed 

 estate, for the purpose of supporting at Balliol 

 College, Oxford, ten students who had previously 

 studied at Glasgow. Owing to the rise in the value 

 of land, the foundation was made to maintain 14 

 exhibitioners, who were each to receive 110 a year 

 for five years ; but at present the yearly stipend is 

 only 80, with an arrangement that the total sum, 

 400, may be paid within three years. Several men 

 who have risen to great eminence went to Oxford 

 on Snell exhibitions ; among whom may be named 

 Adam Smith, Sir William Hamilton, Archbishop 

 Tait, Principal Shairp, and Lord President Inglis. 



Libraries, Museums, &c. The library was founded 

 prior to the Reformation, and now contains about 

 175,000 volumes. It is supported by an annual 

 grant of 707 from the Treasury, graduation fees, 

 the contributions of students, &c. Subsidiary 

 libraries are attached to several of the classes, the 

 books being selected with a view to the subjects 

 treated of in each class. In July 1781 the cele- 

 brated Dr William Hunter of London framed a will, 

 leaving to the principal and professors of the univer- 

 sity his splendid collection of books, coins, medals, 

 and anatomical preparations ; and for the accom- 

 modation and conservation of these a building was 

 erected in 1804; but they are now located in the 

 new university. The university also possesses an 

 observatory. 



Among the men of eminence who have taught 

 or studied in the university are Bishop Elphin- 

 stone, John Major, John Spottiswoode, Andrew 

 Melville, James Melville, Boyd of Trochrig, John 

 Cameron, Zacliary Boyd, Robert Baillie, Lord 

 Stair, Bishop Burnet, Robert Simson, Hutcheson, 

 William Hunter, Tobias Smollett, Dr John Moore, 

 Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, William Cullen, Joseph 

 Black, Matthew Baillie, Thomas Campbell, Francis 

 Jeffrey, J. G. Lockhart, Sir William Hamilton, Sir 

 Daniel Sandford, Archbishop Tait, Professor Jebb, 

 the two Cairds, and Lord Kelvin. 



See John M'Ure, A View of the City of Glasgow 

 (1736); John Gibson, The History of Glasyoiv (1779); 

 Andrew Brown, History of Glasgow ( 1795-97 ) ; Cleland, 

 Annals of Glasgow (1829) ; Dr Gordon, Glasghu Fades 

 (1872); Macgeorge, Old Glasgow (1880; 3d 'ed. 1888); 

 George MacGregor, The History of Glasgow ( 1881 ) ; A. 

 Wallace, Sketch of the History of Glasgow ; Glasgow Past 

 and Present, by 'Senex' and others (1882; new ed. 

 1884); and Glasgow: its Municipal Organisation and 

 Administration, by Sir J. -Bell and the present writer 

 (1896). For the recent anti-academic and original school 

 of painting in landscape and portraiture that has at- 

 tracted notice at Paris, Munich, and Venice, see The 

 History of the Glasgow School of Painting, by David 

 Martin, with introduction by F. H. Newbery (1897) ; 

 Guthrie and Lavery are conspicuous representatives. 



Glasnevin. See DUBLIN. 



Glass (Anglo-Saxon glees) is essentially a com- 

 bination of silica with some alkali or alkaline earth, 

 such as lime, barytes, &c. Generally speaking, it 

 is understood to be a silicate of soda, or a combina- 

 tion of silica or flint with one or more of the salts 

 of sodium, with the addition of certain metallic 

 oxides, &c. , as explained on page 239. 



History. The invention of glass dates from the 

 earliest antiquity, and the honour of its discovery 

 has been contested by several nations. As the 

 oldest known specimens are Egyptian, its inven- 

 tion may with great probability be attributed to 

 that people. It is mentioned as early as the 5th or 



6th dynasty, about 3300 B.C., and called bashnu, 

 the Coptic bijni ; articles made of it are represented 

 in the tombs of the period ; while its fabrication 

 is depicted in sepulchres of the 12th dynasty i.e. 

 about 2500 B.C. The glass of Egypt was generally 

 opaque, rarely transparent, and always coloured, 

 the articles made of it being of small size, and 

 principally for adornment, as beads, vases, small 

 figures, and objects for inlaying into wood or other 

 material. Specimens exist of this glass bearing 

 the name of the queen Hatasu of the 18th dynasty, 

 and vases of blue glass, with wavy lines in white, 

 light-blue, yellow, black, red, and green, of that 

 and a later age, have been discovered. The 

 Egyptians also successfully imitated precious and 

 other stones in glass as emeralds, lapis-lazuli, 

 turquoises, jaspers, onyx, and obsidian. Trans- 

 parent glass, indeed, does not appear earlier in 

 Egypt than the 26th dynasty, about 660 B.C., when 

 bottles and a few other objects were made of it. 



Under the native Pharaohs, Egyptian glass 

 seems to have been extensively exported to Greece 

 and Italy, and its reputation still continued under 

 the Ptolemies, when the furnaces of Alexandria 

 produced glass vases of numberless shapes and 

 considerable size. Egypt retained the pre-eminence 

 in the manufacture of glass under the Romans, the 

 sand of Alexandria being indispensable for the 

 finest qualities, and it exported glass to Rome. 

 Hadrian, on his visit, was struck with the activ- 

 ity of the manufacture, and sent to his friend, 

 the Consul Servianus, one of the vases, called allo- 

 sontes, or ' opalescent ; ' and the Roman writers 

 mention with admiration the melting, turning, 

 and engraving of Egyptian glass. The art of 

 glass-making, in fact, lias never become extinct 

 in Egypt, the Fatimite Califs having issued glass 

 coins in the 10th and llth centuries, and beautiful 

 lamps of glass enamelled on the surface with various 

 colours having been made in the 14th century. 



After the Egyptians, the people of antiquity 

 most renowned for glass were the Phoenicians, 

 who were its legendary inventors. Certain of their 

 merchants, says Pliny, returning in a ship laden 

 with natron or soda, and having been compelled 

 by stormy weather to land on a sandy tract under 

 Mount Carmel, placed their cooking-pots on lumps 

 of natron on the sand, which, fused by the heat of 

 the fire, formed the first glass. This statement, in- 

 troduced by Pliny himself with fama est, points 

 only to the great antiquity of the art among the 

 Phoenicians, for the occurrence is a simple impossi- 

 bility. Sidon, indeed, was early celebrated for her 

 glass-wares made of the sand brought down from 

 Mount Carmel to the mouth of the river Belus. 

 The nature, however, of the earliest Phoenician 

 glass is unknown, unless the opaque little vases of 

 the toilet found in the tombs of Greece and Italy, 

 and the beads of the same discovered in the bar- 

 rows and tumuli of the old Celtic and Teutonic 

 tribes were imports of the Phoenicians. It is cer- 

 tain that at a very early period the manufactures 

 of the Phoenicians were widely distributed over the 

 Mediterranean coast, and even reached the shores 

 of Britain, where they were exchanged for the 

 mineral wealth of Cornwall. The vases of Sidon 

 were highly esteemed at Rome under the Antonines, 

 fragments of bowls of blue and amber glass, with 

 the names of the Sidonian glass-makers, Artas and 

 Irenaeus, stamped in Latin and Greek, having been 

 found in the ruins. 



From these two centres, Egypt and Phoenicia, 

 it is probable that a knowledge of the art radiated, 

 and was transplanted into neighbouring countries 

 with the growth, of civilisation. The manufacture, 

 it might be inferred, Avas early established in 

 Assyria, for in his excavations at Nimrud Mr 

 Layard unearthed with other glass remains a rase 



