248 



GLASS-CRABS 



GLASS-SNAKE 



mere copying of medieval designs ; it has been 

 forgotten that the naivetes of drawing of an early 

 stage of art which are interesting when genuine 

 and obviously belonging to their own period, be- 

 come ridiculous when imitated in an epoch which 

 demands at least plausibility of drawing from its 

 artists. But that very demand for plausibility and 

 the ease of its attainment form another snare for 

 the stained-glass designer, whose designs, though 

 made with a knowledge of the requirements of the 

 art, and though not actually imitative of medieval 

 work, are too often vacant and feelingless, mere 

 characterless diagrams, rather than the expression 

 of thought and emotion, as the work of the middle 

 ages always was in spite of any rudeness of drawing 

 or shortcoming in knowledge. 



One drawback to the effectiveness of painted 

 windows comes from the too common absence of 

 any general plan for the glazing of the building. 

 The donors of windows are allowed to insert what- 

 ever may please their individual tastes without 

 regard to the rest of the glazing or the architectural 

 requirements of the building ; so that even where 

 the window is good in itself, it fails in effect of 

 decoration, and injures, or is injured, by its neigh- 

 bours. The custodians of buildings before they 

 allow any window to be put up should have some 

 good plan of glazing schemed out embracing a 

 system of subjects, an architectural arrangement, 

 and a scheme of proportion of colour, and this plan 

 should be carefully adhered to. Thus, one window 

 would help the other, and even inferiority of design 

 in one or two of the windows would be less noticed 

 when the whole effect was pleasing. The gain of 

 such a careful arrangement is sufficiently obvious 

 in cases where the ancient glazing of a church is 

 left intact ; as, for instance, in the beautiful church 

 of St Urbain at Troyes, a work of the end of the 

 13th century, and whose glazing is perhaps the 

 most satisfactory example of glass-painting. 



The worth of stained glass must mainly depend 

 on the genuineness and spontaneity of the archi- 

 tecture it decorates : if that architecture is less 

 than good, the stained-glass windows in it become 

 a mere congeries of designs without unity of pur- 

 pose, even though each one may be good in itself. 



See works by Winston (1847 and 1865), Warringtou 

 (1848), F. Miller (1885), and especially Westlake, A 

 History of Design in Painted Glass (4 vols. 1879-95). 



Glass-crabs (Phyllosoma), the larval forms of 

 rock lobsters, &c. (Palinuridse), formerly regarded 

 as adults, and made into a genus or family. The 

 body consists of two transparent leaf-like discs ; 

 there are beautiful eyes on long stalks. 



Glasse, HANNAH, was the author of the famous 

 Art of Cookery (1747) : as also of The Compleat 

 Confectioner (1770), and of The Servant's Directory 

 (1770). The proverb 'First catch your hare' does 

 not expressly occur in her Cookery. 



Glass-houses. Bee PLANT-HOUSES. 



Glassites (properly Glasttes), a religious body 

 popularly so named from John Glas (1695-1773), 

 some time parish minister at Tealing, near Dundee. 

 In 1730, after three years of inquiry, Glas was 

 deposed by the General Assembly of the Kirk of 

 Scotland for opinions set forth in The Testimony of 

 the King of Martyrs concerning His Kingdom 

 (John, xviii. 36, 37), that National Church estab- 

 lishments are unscriptural and anti-christian in 

 doctrine and persecuting in spirit, and that a con- 

 gregation of believers in church order (i.e. with 

 bishops or elders, and deacons) is subject to no 

 jurisdiction under heaven. Glas and those who 

 adhered to him formed a congregation, and other 

 churches were formed in Scotland, England, and 

 America. Out of Scotland the brethren were called 

 Sandemanians, from Kobert Sandeman (1718-71), 



son-in-law to Glas, who helped in the work, and 

 died at Danbnry in Connecticut. The doctrines 

 professed are taken literally from Scripture. Sal- 

 vation through grace and by the work finished by 

 our Lord upon the Cross, the helplessness of sinful 

 men to aid in their own salvation, and the necessity 

 for works as evidences of living faith sum up their 

 doctrine. They consider the celebration of the 

 Lord's Supper as the chief purpose of the Sabbath 

 assembly, all else being subordinate to this. The 

 Lord's Grayer is used to begin and end the service, 

 prayers in which the brethren take part in turn, 

 praise in which the Psalms alone are used and the 

 stated reading of the whole Scripture, form parts of 

 the service, exhortation by the elders following. 

 Before the ordinance the ' fellowship ' is observed, 

 this being a collection for the necessities of poor 

 members. Bishops or elders are chosen by the 

 marks given in 1 Tim. iii. 1-7, &c., and a plurality 

 of elders is required for the ordinance and for acts 

 of discipline. Deacons and deaconesses have care 

 of the poor and of all secular affairs of the church. 

 All services to the church are given free as from 

 love to the truth. Love feasts are held at mid-day 

 on Sabbath, at which all members not necessarily 

 absent attend. The baptism of members and their 

 children is practised. The law of discipline (Matt, 

 xviii. 15-17) is strictly observed as a means of pre- 

 serving peace and unity in the church, while eating 

 of blood, the use of oaths as between brethren, the 

 use of the lot for frivolous purposes, and the covetous 

 accumulation of riches are forbidden. The kiss of 

 charity and services of kindness are enjoined. The 

 brethren take no part in worship with any not 

 accepting those scriptural 

 doctrines. 



Glass Paper or 



Cloth, for polishing 

 woodwork, is made by 

 sprinkling powdered glass 

 over paper or calico still 

 wet with a coat of thin 

 glue. 



Glass-rope Sponge 



(Hyalonema), a Japanese 

 flinty sponge (one of the 

 Hexactinellida ), the body 

 of which is anchored in 

 the mud or ooze by a 

 spirally twisted wisp or 

 rope of siliceous threads. 

 The latter, stripped of the 

 sponge and manipulated 

 by the Japanese divers, is 

 a common curiosity. See 

 SPONGES. 



Glass-snake ( Ophi- 

 satiris ventralis), a limb- 

 less serpent-like lizard 

 (belonging to the short- 

 tongued section ) common 

 in North America from 

 Virginia to Florida. It 

 is about 3 feet long, and 

 varies greatly in colour. 

 The joints of the tail 

 break off readily on irrita- 

 tion, but are soon repro- 

 duced. The glass-snake 

 feeds on worms, insects, 

 mice, &c., chooses dry 

 regions, and spends much 

 of its time in holes under- 

 ground. Only the above Hyalonema. 

 species is known, but a 



closely-allied genus ( Pseudopus ) occurs in southern 

 Europe and Assam. 



