c; LOW- WORM 



OLUCHOV 



257 



<>tli.-r heavy glovea doe or hack leather are pre- 

 pared by ilia ordinary process of tunning. or are a 

 tin.' kind nl eliamoi> leather. Those tor wliat are 

 railed dressed kid gloves are subjected to a special 

 method of tunning, by which, under tin- influence 

 of lii-ut, ami t n-.ii iin-iit with a mixture of (lour, 

 yellow of egg, and alum, the material is rendered 

 and flexible. After the leather haw 



DMD properly prepared it in cut into pieces of the 

 required si/e, then lidded over somewhat Illieijlially, 

 a- the liaek should he larger than the front. Tliree 

 cute are then made through the ilonhled piere to 

 prudiire the fiiir lingers; ail nl'lmrj liole 18 CUt at 

 the Itending of the fold for tlie insertion of the 

 thumb-piece ; the cutting of tliis of the exact shape 

 and si/.e requires considerahle skill. The first and 

 fourth lingers are complete*! by gussets or strips 

 sewed only on their inner sides, while the second 

 and third lingers require gussets on each side to 

 <-omplete them. Besides these, small pieces of a 

 diamond shape are sewed in at the base of the 

 lingers towards the palm of the hand. The stitch- 

 in j,' together of these pieces requires much care, as 

 the junction must l>e made as closely as possible to 

 the edge of each piece, and yet with sufficient hold 

 to keep the stitches from cutting through the 

 material. A kind of vice or clamp, with minute 

 teeth to egulate the stitches, is used for this pur- 

 pose in the making of hand-sewn gloves, hv which 

 method all the finest gloves are stitched, (sewing- 

 machines are applied for the ornamental or em- 

 broidery stitching on the backs of fine gloves, and 

 for almost the entire sewing of the cheaper and 

 heavier gloves. The putting in of the thumb-piece 

 requires special skill and management. Badly 

 made gloves commonly give way at this part. 

 The superiority of the French and the best English 

 gloves depends chiefly upon the adaptation of their 

 shape to the structure of the hand by giving 

 additional size where the flexure of the hand 

 requires it. 



Kid gloves are of two principal kinds, Glace and 

 Sufede, according to the manner of dressing and 

 finishing the leather used. Glace gloves are those 

 which are dressed, dyed, and polished on the hair 

 or outer side of the skin, while Suede gloves are 

 carefully pared, smoothed, and dyed on the inner 

 side of the skin for their purpose, and thus have 

 the appearance of fine chamois. 



Paris and Grenoble are the chief seats of the 

 French kid-glove trade. Military gloves are made 

 at Niort and Venddine. Brussels and Copenhagen 

 are also important glove-making centres. In 

 England, Worcester is the principal seat of glove- 

 making, especially of the so-called ' dogskin ' gloves ; 

 and in the United States gloves are extensively 

 manufactured at Glovers ville and Johnstown in 

 the state of New York. See Beck's Gloves; their 

 Annals and Associations ( 1883). 



(low-worm* a name applied to numerous 

 'phosphorescent' beetles in the sub-family Lam- 

 pyrides (fain. Telephoridie ) already distinguished 

 from the Fire-flies (q.v.). They are nocturnal in 

 habit, and represented by about 500 species, widely 

 distributed, especially in warm countries. The 

 phosphorescent structures are situated on the 

 alxlomen, and are present in the larva as well as in 

 the adult forms. The larva? are elongated, but 

 flattened, of a velvety black colour, and feed 

 especially on living snails. The adult females tend 

 to retain a larval appearance, and are often desti- 

 tute of wings. 



The commonest European glow-worms are Lam- 

 pyris nocti/iicd and /,. ,sy>/< tnlidnlii the Joltainiin- 

 tvurmchen of the Germans in both of which the 

 females are slightly larger and wingless. The 

 male of the former is also comparatively sluggish 

 and keeps among the grass, while that of the latter 

 225 



flies actively about in the evening*. The general 

 life-history of fttich Lampyridc* i* a* follow*: The 

 yellowish phosphorescent eggH are laid in early 

 spring ; the voracious lame are vigorously crawling 

 about by April ; in summer, however, they fall into 

 a pupa slumber, and may HO remain till the next 

 spring, when adult life is attained. In Lampyrit 

 noctiiuca ( which is the British species ) the females 



Glow-worm (Lampyrit noctiluca): 

 a, male ; 6, female. 



give the more brilliant light, but in other cases the 

 reverse is often true, while in one of the American 

 species (Fhotinus dimissus) only the male is 

 luminous. 



Gosse has described a number of West Indian 

 forms, such as Photuris versicolor and the yet more 

 gm-eu\]LtiPygolampi8xanthophotis, which with green 

 and orange lights respectively sometimes light up 

 the foliage with bewitching brilliancy. America is 

 very rich in 'lightning-bugs,' sucii as J'lmtiirix 

 pennsylvanicns, and species of Pyractomena and 

 Photinus. Pyroccelia, Luciola, and Lamprocera are 

 other important genera widely distributed. 



The luminous organs consist, like those of the 

 Fire-fly (q.v.), of fatty-looking cells round which 

 there is a plentiful supply of tracheae, affording the 

 necessary oxygen for the rapid vital combustion of 

 phosphorescence. In regard to their utility it has 

 at least been settled by the experiments of Emery 

 and others that they serve as love-signals between 

 the sexes, while it is probable that the flashes also 

 illumine the beetles' paths and frighten designing 

 foes. For what is known of the real physiology 

 of luminosity, see PHOSPHORESCENCE. Professor 

 Emery gives a most entertaining account of his 

 observations on the love-lights or Luciola italica, 

 which he studied in the meadows round Bologna. 

 By catching females and imprisoning them in 

 glass tubes in the meadows he satisfied himself 

 that sight, not smell, was all important. When 

 the females caught sight of the flashes of an 

 approaching male, in spite of their tantalising 

 situation, they allowed their splendour to shine 

 forth. In the two sexes the colour of the light 

 is identical ; the intensity also appears much the 

 same, though that of the female is more restricted. 

 The most noteworthy difference is that the 

 luminous rhythm of the male is more rapid and 

 the flashes briefer, while that of the female is 

 more prolonged, at longer intervals, and more 

 tremulous. The attracted males dance round about 

 the female, who after having captivated one suitor, 

 proceeds to signal other rivals, till she is finally 

 surrounded by a circle of devotees. See articles by 

 Professor C. Emery, Bull. Soc. Entomol. 7ta/., 

 1885-87 ; and C. F. Holder's Living Lights (1887). 



Gloxinia* a genus of plants of the order 

 Gesnerace;e, with a nearly bell-shaped delicately- 

 tinted corolla and richly -coloured leaves. Natives 

 of tropical America, they have since 1820 become 

 ornaments of European greenhouses. The species 

 is named after a botanist, Gloxin of Colmar, who 

 wrote in 1785. 



Gllichov, a town in the Russian government of 

 Tchernigoff, 112 miles E. of the town of that name, 

 has manufactures of soap, candles, and leather, 



