GLtlCKSTADT 



luck'n />//.< ft Xnrriime (September I77!i, and 



tin- luperior ability >f the liu-iars nn-n in ihc ranks 

 ui tin- I'iccinUt-., long made it impos.-ilile to say 

 nl- which side \ictoi\ inclined, until the con- 

 tinued -,11. !!-,-, nl' tin- earlier //>//< yr///r // Tnm-itd- 

 I need in May I77!) finally divided it ir> 

 ( ;in> -U - :.i\' 'MI I'iccini > opera 01 the same name, 

 a much inferior work, pro\cd a scry effective 

 < -.ipon in tin- hands of the Cluckists. The 

 conqueror retired from Paris full of honour and 

 comparative^ wealthy. Two strokes of paralysis 

 u amed him against undertaking any more active 

 work ; and a third severer shock in 1786 was the 

 !<n i runner of death, which in the following year 

 (November 15, 1787) ended an exceptionally long, 

 vigorous. :md successful career. 



As Cluck's energies were, with one or two unim- 

 portant exceptions (Ihlfs anil Sun;/* l>y Klopstock, 

 l>e profundis,' and a ' Dominus noster'), 

 dinrted exclusively to the composition of operas, 

 everptH from which, even when complete enough 

 in themselves for effective quotation, must neces- 

 sarily lalnuir under the disadvantage of being 

 .separated from the context, the excellence of his 

 work is little known in England and America, 

 and its importance is almost invariably over- 

 looked or underestimated. His gift of melody was 

 not so full, rich, and spontaneous as that of other 

 composers of the first rank, but the care he exer- 

 cisea to leave no means unemployed by which he 

 could illustrate every turn of expression in the 

 words makes no small amends. 



Ample testimony is borne to his genius for 

 orchestration by numerous passages in Berlioz's 

 standard Treatise on Instrumentation, where, among 

 sixty-four examples of remarkable effects, no less 

 than seventeen are from the works of Gluck. These 

 and other excellences made his work capable of 

 performing a mission the importance of which can- 

 not be too highly stated or too often insisted on. 

 He found tire opera an emasculated creation, pay- 

 ing attention only to roundness and sensuous 

 beauty of form, neglecting ethic, dramatic, and 

 poetic principles as much as natural manliness. He 

 left it with a lofty ideal of a time when the libretto 

 should be as serious and noble in purpose as the 

 music; when the musician's first and only effort 

 should be to clothe and illustrate the words ; when 

 even the necessity of action might be subordinated 

 to the development of character, and feelings be 

 painted rather than deeds. He also inspired the 

 succession of great men who followed him on the 

 stage of 1'aris, and who worked along his line until 

 ner, a deep student of Mozart, Beethoven, and 

 \\ eber, applied his genius to the improvement of 

 Cluck's ideal, and called it the Music Drama. 

 ^c,- hi-, Life in French by Desnoiresterres (1872); 

 in German, by Schmid ('lH.'4), Marx (1863), and 

 Keiaatnann (1882); E. Newman, Gluck and the 

 (>/>> (1896) ; and the article OPERA. 



4- lurkstadt. a town in the Prussian province 

 of slesuick Holstein, on the right bank of the 

 Elite, : miles by rail NW. of Hamburg. Founded 

 in Hi 1 6 by Christian IV. of Denmark, it is a pretty 

 town, regularly built, and intersected by canals, 

 ita chief building the Kathhaus (1642;' restored 

 K I '. Its harhonr remains open in winter, when 

 the KIhe higher up is frozen, and has been much 

 improved since 1880. During the Thirty Years' 

 \\.u Cliickstadt successfully withstood three 

 sieges; its fortification* were demolished in 1815. 

 I'op. (1890) 5958. 



Cilucose, or CHAPE SUOAR. See SUGAR. 



Cillicosuria, a modern name for Diabetes 

 Mellitus (M6 DIABETES), and indicative of its 

 characteristic symptom, the presence of sugar in 

 the urine. 



i- merely an impure Gelatine (q.v.). 

 Almost every animal substance will yield it, hence 

 all kinds of animal refuse find their way to tin* 

 glue-makers' boilers. The refuse of tanneries, con- 

 sisting of the dippings of hides, hoofs, ear and tail 

 pieces of ox, call, and sheep are preferred, becMtt 

 they can be dressed with lime, which remove* the 

 hair, and acts as an antiseptic. For this purpose 

 they are placed in tanks with quicklime and water 

 for two or three weeks. They are afterwards 

 washed and dried, and are ready for use by 

 the glue-maker, who usually gives them another 

 heavier lime-dressing, and subsequently washes 

 them ; they are afterwards exposeu to the action 

 of the air tor a time, to neutralise the caustic lime. 

 When well drained, the pieces are placed in flat- 

 bottomed copper- boilers, which have a perforated 

 false bottom placed a little distance at>ove the true 

 one, to prevent the bum ing of the materials, and 

 which have been supplied with rain or other soft 

 water up to two-thirds the depth of the boiler, the 

 pieces being piled up to some height above the top 

 of the open boiler. The whole is kept at a gentle 

 boiling heat until all the gelatinous part has dis- 

 solved out, and the mass of material has sunk 

 down into the fluid. The boiling is sustained until, 

 by repeated trials of small quantities, the operator 

 knows the fluid is of the right consistency, when 

 it is drawn off carefully into the congealing 

 boxes. 



The congealing boxes are of wood, and are nearly 

 square, being slightly narrower at the bottom than 

 the top ; they are filled to the brim, and when 

 their contents are sufficiently solidified the glue, 

 with a little management, turns out in the form of 

 a cube, which is cut into thin slices by a wire in 

 the same manner as soap ; and these larger slices 

 are subdivided into smaller cakes by a wet knife. 

 Frames, with nets stretched upon them, are pro- 

 vided for drying the cakes upon ; and these frames, 

 when covered with the cakes of glue, are adjusted 

 one over another at a little distance apart, sup- 

 ported between four uprights, and, if in the open 

 air, covered over with little wooden roofs, the whole 

 being arranged so that the air can have free access 

 to facilitate drying. This process is an anxious 

 one for the manufacturer, as the changes of the 

 weather have great and often completely de- 

 structive effects upon glue in this state. In 

 Britain spring and autumn are the best drying 

 .seasons. Generally, after the open-air drying, the 

 glue is taken to drying-rooms, heated slightly, 

 where it hardens effectually ; but it is not yet 

 finished ; the cakes at this stage have a dull, un- 

 sightly look, to remedy which they are dipped into 

 cold water, or are wetted with a brush dipped in 

 hot water, and redried, this wetting giving the 

 cakes a bright varnished appearance. 



While England does not excel in this manufac- 

 ture, it is a recognised fact that Scottish glue 

 such as that made by Messrs Cox at Edinburgh 

 ranks in the front of the glues of all countries. A 

 light-coloured glue is not necessarily good, nor 

 dark-coloured glue necessarily bad. A bright clear 

 claret colour is the natural colour of hide-glue, 

 which is the best and most economical. Light- 

 coloured glues (as distinguished from gelatine) are 

 made either from bones or sheepskins. The glue 

 yielded by these materials cannot compare with 

 the strength of that yielded by hides. A great 

 quantity is now made in France and Germany from 

 l>ones. It is got as a by-product in the manufacture 

 of animal charcoal. Although beautiful to look at, 

 it is found when used to be far inferior to Scott ish 

 hide-glue. The latter is largely used by match- 

 makers, piano-makers, and cabinet-makers, who 

 export their goods to all parts of the world, and to 

 whom, owing to the damp climates of many parts 



