GOETZ 



277 



view t.. u>efulne usefulness to be effected by 



:i<-ti\ it\ \\ilhin wise limit*. 



MMIV. 1. Work* (collected edd): Hempel'g 



iixaMe); tlieWeiiimrt-d. ( Bohlau), commenced 



MirnchiuT 1 * ed. (published by Spomaim i. .'. 



,1 w.>rk>: I/'-|MT' <<!. nf 1,'iilif/ifi . I..H'|MT'H larger 



1 ScliriH-r'a h'ltuxt. :t. l.-tt.-r-: Wt'iiiiared. of 



t;, ,<>/,< ( Mir/i-1 1 ; letter* to the follow- 



.: I,->|.CMK|. iit^ : II. T.l.-r, .Jacohi, Karl August, Krau 



Kti.-l.fl, Schiller, lioitMrrur, Xdtor, Marianne 



\.,ii \Villfin.-r; Btiu Strdilke'n VerzeidiHiu (1881). 4. 



UH: Kckemianii (t(.v.); Biedennann'a collec- 



i. : Diinticer's /,/ i Muciiiillan, 1883), Lewus's, 



\ i.'li.irTs, s-li;ii'f.-r's, simr's. <;. Criticism: Hettner's 



( tin- i..-st i ; EUMenkrans(1866): Uiintzer ; W. Soberer ; E. 



Scliini.lt ; Ixjeper ; Grimm ; Bieluchowsky (18%) ; Seeley 



u </>'/ (f//rr Xixtii Yrarx, !) ; Coupland on 



Fount ; Iliiyard Taylor's t'unxt ; Kuno Fiacher on Faust. 



7. Bibliography: HirxtTs V<-rzeichnit einer Cloethe- 



litblinthik. British Museum Catalogue, art. Goethe. 



M iscellaneous : Goethe Gesellschaft's publications. 



Rollett's tioethe-BUdniste. 



<;M't/ von Berlicliingen. See GOT/. 



(iollV. \Vn. 1,1AM, re.gicide, WHS Itorn altout 160o, 

 M>M cf i lit- rector of Stanmore in Sussex, 'a very 

 re I'uritan.' He became a major-general in 

 tin- parliamentary army, sat in the House of 

 Commons and in Cromwell's 'other house,' and 

 \\.-is one of the judges who signed Charles's death- 

 warrant. In 1660, with his father-in-law, General 

 Kdward NYhalley, lit- fled to America; and they 

 lay in hiding round about New Haven from 1661 

 to' Itiiil, when they went to Hadley, Massachusetts. 

 Then- they lived for many years in seclusion ; and 

 it is there that, according to the well-known 

 tradition, when the townsmen were called from the 

 meeting-donae to repel an Indian attack, and were 

 standing irresolute, GotFe put himself at their 

 head and drove off the red-skins, and then dis- 

 api>eared as suddenly as he had come. The 

 genuineness of the story, however, has been 

 <|nestioiied. (Jotfe appears to have died at Hart- 

 ford in ItiT'.l. His papers have been printed by the 

 iclmsetts Historical Society. 



Gog and Jlajion. names several times used in 

 the Bible, and jjiven to the famous figures of giants 

 in the Guildhall, London. Magog is spoken of by 

 the writer of Genesis as a son of Japhet ; Ezekiel 

 speaks of Gog, prince of Magog, as a terrible ruler 

 in the far north, united with the Persians, Ar- 

 menians, and Cimmerians against Israel ; Gog and 

 Magog in the Apocalypse appear as co-ordinate 

 ten:i> .-.imprehending ail future enemies of the king- 

 dom of (iod. The name Magog was often applied 

 generally to all the unknown races north or the 

 Caucasus. The Guildhall giants are images of the 

 last two survivors of a race of giants who inhabited 

 Alltion, descendants of wicked demons and the 

 thirty three infamous daughters of the Emperor 

 Diocletian, who, after murdering all their hus- 

 bands, -ailed to Albion. These giants Brute and his 

 Trojans finally overcame, leading the last two sur- 

 vivors prisoners to London, where they were kept 

 as porters at the palace-gate. This is Caxton's ac- 

 count ; another represents one of the giants as Gog- 

 miigog, and the other as a British giant who killed 

 him, named Corineus. These giants have stood in 

 London since the days of Henry V., and have 

 witnessed all its history since. The old giants 

 were burned in the great fire, and the ne\v ones. 

 which are 14 feet high, were constructed in 170X. 

 The ancient effigies, which were made of wicker- 

 work and pasteboard, were carried through the 

 streets in tne I, "id Mayor's Shows, and copie- of 

 the present giants were in the show of 1837. For- 

 merly other towns in England and abroad had 

 their giants, as the Antigonus of Antwerp, 40 feet 

 in height, and Gayant, the giant of Douay, 22 feet 

 in height. 



a Ki-HjMirt of British India, idtuated in the 

 in -niiisiila of Kathiawar, ami on the Gulf of Cam- 

 bay, !!.'{ miles N\V. of Bombay. It him a safe 

 aiK-hoia^e during the south -went iiiorinoon, with 

 smooth water and a muddy l>ottoiii, and the town- 

 men are reckoned the best sailor* in India. For- 

 merly a great cotton mart, it- staple trade ban 

 dc>ei ted ii for Bhaunagar, 8 miles distant, and the 

 place has sunk greatly in recent yearn. Fop. now 

 only about 7000. 



CioKol, NICOLAI VASILIEVITCH, a Kusaian 

 writer of decided power as a satirical humorist and 

 delineator of conventional Russian life, and next 

 to Pushkin and Tnrgcnief the most popular of 

 Russian writers, was born at the village, of Soro- 

 chintsi, in the government of Poltava, fllst March 

 1809 or 1810. Soon after quitting the gymnasium 

 of Niexhin, he went (in 1829) to St Petersburg, hop- 

 ing to gain a living by literature. At first one 

 disappointment followed* another ; however, in 1X31 

 he bei-ame all at once famous by the publication of 

 Eri'.ninijs in n J-'nn/i inur ItiLnnl.n , a collection of 

 stories and sketches illustrating the life, customs, 

 beliefs, and superstitions of the people of Little 

 Russia. Originality, the fresh breath of nature, 

 weirdness, dreamy sadness, poetic feeling, sly 

 humour, keen observation, realistic description 

 these are the most striking traits in the hook. A 

 second series followed in 1834 ; amongst these were 

 Taras Bulba (Eng. trans. 1887), a prose epic having 

 for its subject the heroic chief of the Zawrogian 

 Cossacks, a work aglow with martial ardour and 

 vivid richness of imagination. Two other tales in 

 the same collection, Old- World Proprietor? and 

 How the Two Ivans Quarrelled ( Eng. trans, in St 

 John's Eve, 1887), are wrought of entirely different 

 materials. They are realistic studies of Russian 

 provincial life, in which accurate portraiture of the 

 monotonous days, the narrowly circumscril>ed self- 

 centred interests, the trivial details, the humdrum 

 duties, the contemptible vanities, prejudices, and 

 ideas of the landed gentry are set forth in the light 

 of a satirical and bantering humour, not unmingled 

 with genuine pathos, and in which the drawing of 

 the characters is marked by inexorable fidelity to 

 life and strict logical consequence. Precisely the 

 same vein was worked, and in the same way, in 

 various short stories illustrative of typical figures 

 of St Petersburg life, amongst which the best are 

 Nevskii Prospect (or The Painter) and Akakia 

 Akakievitch's New Cloak ( Eng. trans, in St John's 

 Eve). 



In 1836 there came from Gogol's pen one of the 

 best of Russian comedies, The Revising Inspector 

 ( Eng. trans, by Hart- Da. vies, 1891, and by Sykes, 

 1893), which exposes with severity, yet with good- 

 humour, the corruption, dishonesty, hypocrisy, self- 

 satisfied ignorance, and vanity of the provincial 

 administrative officials. In the following year 

 (1837) he wrote his masterpiece, Dead Souls, or 

 better Dead Serfs (Eng. trans. 1887), a story 

 reflecting in sombre hues the more sordid, de- 

 graded, and commonplace ai>ects of provincial life. 

 Throughout this work a heavy sadness prevails, a 

 sort of hopeless abandonment of hope, which, how- 

 ever, does not prevent the reader from enjoying 

 the humour, the stern characterisation, the subtle 

 armour-piercing satire, the melancholy pathos 

 which are there in abundant fullness. The ideas 

 for Ixith this Inmk and the comedy were suggested 

 to Gogol by the great Russian writer Pushkin, who 

 was a personal friend. After unsatisfactory trials 

 of official life, and, twice, of public teaching, includ- 

 ing university lectures on history at St Petersburg 

 in 1834, Gogol left his native land in 1836 to live 

 abroad, mostly in Rome, until 1846, when he again 

 settled in Russia. He died at Moscow, 3d March 

 1852. Shortly before his death he burned the second 



